甘蔗优良新品种(系)抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测及自然抗性评价

甘蔗褐锈病是目前中国蔗区发生最普遍、危害最严重的病害之一,选育和种植抗病品种是防治该病最为经济有效的措施。为明确近年国家甘蔗体系育成的50个新品种(系)对甘蔗褐锈病的抗性,确定其应用潜力,本研究通过在甘蔗褐锈病高发蔗区云南德宏、保山2个区域化试验站,采用田间自然抗性调查与分子标记辅助鉴定抗性基因的方法,于2014年和2015年对中国近年选育的50个优良新品种(系)及2个主栽品种进行抗褐锈病基因Bru1的分子检测及自然抗性评价。田间自然发病调查结果表明,50个优良新品种(系)及2个主栽品种中,高抗至中抗的有34个,占65.38%。其中15个材料表现高抗,占28.85%,16个材料表现抗病,占30.77%,3个材料表现中抗,占5.77%;分子检测结果显示,共29个抗病材料含有抗褐锈病基因Bru1,出现频率为55.77%,表明中国近年选育的优良新品种(系)中抗褐锈病性主要由Bru1控制;其余5个抗病材料均不含抗褐锈病基因Bru1,暗示除了Bru1外,可能还有其他抗褐锈病基因存在。不同系列品种田间感病品种的频率和含抗褐锈病基因Bru1的频率不同,粤糖系列品种感病品种的频率最高达到60%,含Bru1的频率最低,只有30%,抗性最弱;云蔗系列品种感锈病品种的频率最低只有12.5%,含Bru1的频率最高,达到81.25%,抗性最好。本研究结果为深入开展甘蔗抗褐锈病育种,选育和推广优良抗病品种,有效防控甘蔗褐锈病提供了科学依据和优良抗性新品种(系)。     

陕北黄土丘陵区大扁杏优良品种试验研究

本文通过对大扁杏六个不同品种连续5年的生长量、单株产量及抗性分析,结果表明优一、一窝蜂两个品种具有抗性强、产量高和品质优等特点,是适于陕北黄土地区栽培和大面积推广的优良品种。     

云南省弥度亚麻引种试验初报

在云南省弥度县进行了双亚5号、双亚6号、双亚7号、双亚8号、高斯（Argos）、Argos和Ilona七个亚麻品种引种试验。结果表明双亚8号、高斯两个品种表现最好，其主要优点是高产、优质、抗逆性强，适宜弥度地区作为主栽品种大面积推广。双亚5号品种原茎产量最高，抗病性、纤维强度和生育期性状最佳，但出麻率和纤维产量低于双亚8号和高斯，只能作为搭配品种种植，不宜大面积推广。其它四个品种表现一般。     

海南岛香蕉园砖红壤养分限制因子的研究

针对海南岛香蕉园花岗岩发育的砖红壤的养分限制因子及其亏缺程度目前尚不清楚,笔者试验采用土壤养分状况系统研究法来开展研究。研究结果如下：(1)砖红壤对各养分的吸附固定能力大小顺序为：B>S>Cu>K>Zn;(2)高粱盆栽试验中养分亏缺程度为：N>Zn>B>Mg>S>K>Mo>Ca>Cu;(3)香蕉盆栽试验中养分亏缺程度为：N>Mg>Zn>K>Ca>S>Mo>B;(4)N是第一限制因子。这充分说明土壤肥力贫瘠,应当加强土壤所缺且香蕉所需的养分的施用,方能提高土壤肥力,从而实现香蕉的平衡施肥;同时证明土壤养分状况系统研究法确实可以很好地用来评价土壤肥力。     

Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing

We investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha⁻¹ for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha⁻¹ at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.     

三种杨树树皮真菌群落的研究

对毛白杨、陕林4号杨、北京杨不同年龄枝条、树体空间层次的真菌种类、数量及季节动态作了分析，结果表明：三种杨树树皮真菌群落组成不同，链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、毛壳属(Chaetomium)等为毛白杨上的优势菌种群；链格孢属、曲霉属、木霉属(Trichoderma)、青霉属(Penicillium)等为陕林4号杨的优势菌种群；链格孢属、曲霉属、盾壳霉属(Coniothyrium)、青霉属等为北京杨的优势菌种群。真菌种类及数量在树体空间层次的分布趋势是由上到下逐渐增多；真菌群落季节变化趋势为夏、秋季种类和数量稍高，春、冬季有所减少。     

数字图像处理在植物新品种鉴定中的应用

随着分子生物学和信息技术的发展,指纹图谱技术已成为品种鉴定的重要手段。本文从目前人工鉴定指纹图谱的方法出发,提出了利用计算机的图像处理技术来实现指纹图谱鉴定的方法以及实现技术。     

Genetic Analysis of Chromosome 2D of Wheat

The Yugoslavian varieties ‘Novosadska Rana 1’ and ‘Sava’ are shown by monosomic comparisons to carry weak height promoters on chromosome 2D characteristic of the ‘Akakomugi’ gene for reduced height, Rht8. Reciprocal monosomic crosses between ‘Bersee’ and ‘Sava’ demonstrate ‘Sava’ chromosome 2D reduces height by about 16 cms, accelerates ear emergence by about 9 days and increases yield through increased grain number and grain size. Recombinant lines developed for chromosome 2D suggest that this chromosome in Mediterranean wheats carries three genes, Rht8, Ppd1 and Yr16, important to their adaptation. Rht8 and Ppd1, a gene for day length insensitivity together reduce height. Ppd1 and, to a minor degree, either yr16, the susceptible allele of a gene for adult plant resistance to yellow rust or a closely linked gene, accelerate time to flowering and thereby avoid desiccating Yugoslavian summer conditions. The same genes reduce spikelets numbers but this is offset by increased floret fertility producing an overall increase in the number of grains per ear. Ppd1 also by avoiding desiccating conditions increases gram size and together with either yr16 or the closely linked fertility gene increases ear and plant yields.     

大别山油茶4个优良品种光合作用特性

2010年9月20测量了大别山系列油茶优良品种1号、2号、3号及4号光合特性的日变化,结果表明:(1)4个油茶品种的Pn日变化均为单峰曲线,大别山1号和4号的峰值出现在12:00,2号和3号峰值出现在11:00,不存在光合午休现象;(2)4个油茶品种Tr日变化均为单峰曲线,但峰值出现时间不一致;(3)eWUE的日变化总体呈逐渐下降的趋势,最高值出现在8:00,到16:00以后有小幅上升,随后迅速下降;(4)从4个油茶的光补偿点(ELCP)和光饱和点(ELSP)来看,均为耐阴喜光的阳性树种。