Current status and prospects of farming the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in Bangladesh

Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. Presently, it is cultured in around 50 000 ha area with total annual production of 23 240 t. Traditional extensive prawn farming has been expanding over the last three decades through the introduction and adoption of improved culture systems, such as culture of prawn‐carps, prawn‐shrimp‐fish and prawn‐fish‐rice as concurrent and rotational systems. Efforts for the development of improved techniques on broodstock management, seed production and rearing and grow‐out of prawn have been made over the last decade. The outcomes are low‐cost feed for broodstock, production of post‐larvae in net cages (hapa), all‐male prawn culture, periphyton based prawn‐tilapia culture, C/N based prawn culture, organic prawn farming, prawn‐mola culture and prawn‐carp‐mola polyculture. Despite the development of culture technologies, a number of challenges for sustainable development of prawn farming need to be overcome to realize the potentials of this promising sector. Good aquaculture practises at all levels and application of measures for quality control and food safety would ensure sustainable development of prawn farming in Bangladesh.     

Morphological variability of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta in different river environments

Abstract – The morphologies of sympatric juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr and brown trout Salmo trutta parr were compared between Irish rivers with contrasting hydraulic environments – a high‐gradient and a low‐gradient tributary from the River Barrow catchment, south‐east Ireland and a high‐gradient river from the Burrishoole catchment, west of Ireland. The two catchments differ markedly in mean annual precipitation (849.0 mm year^?1 and 1370.3 mm year^?1 for the Barrow and Burrishoole catchments, respectively). Parr of both species demonstrated morphological variation between and within catchments. Changes in metrics such as pectoral fin length, body depth and body length between and within catchments suggest that hydraulic forces were a major determinant of morphological variation. Both species from the Burrishoole catchment had relatively larger pectoral fins, longer heads, larger eyes and shallower bodies than conspecifics from the Barrow catchment. In rivers subject to frequent rainfall‐driven high discharges, such as those in the Burrishoole catchment, a more fusiform body and head shape coupled with larger pectoral fins may reduce the energetic cost of maintaining position in the water column, as well as increase stability and manoeuvrability. The larger eyes in both parr species in the Burrishoole catchment could further be a response to the lower visibility of the more turbid and peat‐stained waters or to the reduced prey availability. The results of this study demonstrate that local adaptation to flow conditions can yield morphologically distinct populations and that multiple species can exhibit parallel phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions.     

KEYSTONE生态护坡砖在广州东濠涌整治工程中的应用

生态护岸是结合植物与土木工程对河道坡面进行防护的一种新形式。生态护岸集防洪效应、生态效应、景观效应和自净效应于一体,是生态文明时代河道护岸技术的发展方向。文章概述了目前国内生态河道护坡构建技术的发展现状,并对KEYSTONE生态河道护坡砖在广州东濠涌综合整治工程中的应用进行了探讨研究。     

伊犁河流域地表水资源优势及开发利用潜力研究

伊犁河流域是新疆地表水系最发达、径流最发育、水资源最丰富的内陆河流域,具有流域降水丰沛,径流补给充分,径流量大;水系发达,河川密布;水量变化较小、泥沙含量较少、水质较好的资源优势。但受经济发展水平及产业结构层次的限制,伊犁河流域水资源总体上仍处于利用效率低下、生产经营方式落后、综合利用潜力巨大的初级开发阶段。依据部颁SL201-9《江河流域规划编制规范》和流域整体规划目标,经过水资源多目标开发平衡分析与评价,给出了伊犁河流域水资源综合开发和合理配置远景规划方案。     

黑河(额济纳河)下游绿洲生态系统受损与生态保育对策的思考

额济纳绿洲是我国西北干旱区中心的一道生态防线。 2 0世纪后半世纪绿洲生态系统严重受损 ,景观结构急剧恶化 ,黑河的供水量逐年趋于下降 ,由 50年代的 1 2 .2 5亿 M3 下降到 90年代的 7.2 4亿 M3。地下水位也相应地降低 ,土地盐化也在加剧。胡扬与沙枣林面积由3 .45万公顷减少到 2 .2 0万公顷 ,并以老龄林为主。红柳灌丛也减少了 50 % ,并且多已成为稀疏矮化的群落。各种禾草草甸严重退化 ,多已演替成为苦豆子群落。为了维护我国西北的这一生态屏障 ,必须坚持以恢复与保护自然绿洲为主 ,恢复胡杨林、沙枣林及红柳灌丛的覆盖率 ;建立人工草地 ,改善土地覆盖 ,建设自然一人工复合绿洲。在绿洲建设与保育工程中必须保证充分供水 ,调控水盐动态 ,发挥生物一景观多样性的系统耦合效应 ,实现绿洲生态系统健康     

克里雅河流域沉积物的粒度特征

克里雅河流域由普鲁至米萨来,冲积沙粒径向细递减;沙丘沙一般粗于下伏沙,而冲、洪积下伏地层上的沙丘风成沙则细于下伏沙;高大沙丘粒级组合主要受就近沙源影响。用累计百分数和粒级的φ值作图,求得φ_1、φ_5、φ_(16)、φ_(25)、φ_(50)、φ_(75)、φ_(84)、φ_(95)等8个数值,输入计算机获得最大粒径、中值粒径、平均粒径(M_z)、标准离差(σ_1)、偏度(S_(K1))、峰态(K_G)等值。     

洮儿河沿岸地区水利工程建设的生态水文影响初探

水利工程建设在获得社会经济利用的同时也对生态水文问题造成明显的负面影响,在干旱半干旱地区此类问题尤为显著。本文分别探讨了洮儿河沿岸地区三类水利工程即水库、防洪堤和灌渠对于流域生态水文的影响,主要体现在:(1)减少水库下游河流径流量,加重下游水资源短缺问题;严重影响下游沼泽湿地水文,导致湿地退化(2)灌渠建设使地下水位抬升,加重土壤次生盐渍化问题;(3)防洪堤修建改变湿地水质,增大其矿化度和碱度。     

柴达木盆地主要河流的水化学特征

为了保护水资源,不仅需要了解人为引起的水质污染状况,而且需要研究河流水体在自然界的循环过程中所形成的水化学特征及其时空变化。本文对柴达木盆地主要河流的水化学特征进行了分析、研究,对水质状况进行了评价。     

European eel distribution and body condition in a river floodplain: effect of longitudinal and lateral connectivity

Abstract – We studied eel population characteristics (size classes, densities and body condition) in the lower Loire River floodplain (France) to evaluate the effects of longitudinal and lateral gradients. A total of 36 sites were electrofished in June 2005. The sites were grouped first into three river segments according to the distance inland corresponding to a longitudinal gradient and secondly into three lateral connectivity categories. Results indicate that small eels, especially those ≤300 mm, were very abundant downstream but density rapidly decreased upstream. In addition, eels ≤150 mm tended to be most abundant in connected waterbodies. Conversely, the distribution of larger eels was quite uniform across both dimensions. Eel condition decreased upstream. In parallel, in downstream river segment, eels had a lower condition in disconnected waterbodies than in connected ones. Eel specialists still have only a longitudinal perception of eel habitat. Our results suggest that lateral gradients should be also taken into consideration.     

西藏“一江两河”中部流域河谷沙化草地及其恢复途径探讨

“一江两河”中部流域是西藏沙漠化最为严重的地区之一，草地的沙化对于生态环境的恶化和畜牧业生产造成很大的不利影响。通过对这一地区草地的现状分析，划分了沙化草地类型，并通过示范试验结果分析，探讨了沙化草地恢复的主要措施。