灰葡萄孢拮抗细菌的种类鉴定及生长条件研究

经形态和生理生化鉴定,对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea Pers.）拮抗能力强、防病效果好的3株细菌进行分类,W10为地衣芽孢杆菌[Bacillus licheniformis(Weigmann)Chester],W3和Y2－11－1为多粘类芽孢杆菌[Paenibacillus polymyxa(Prazmowski)Ash et al]。这2种对蔬菜灰霉病的高效拮抗菌为中国首次报道和应用。3株拮抗细菌的生长条件基本一致,最适培养时间为24－72h,最适生长温度是27－30℃,最适培养液pH值为7－8。     

芽孢杆菌在促进番茄生长和控制青枯病上的比较优势

在离体条件下对47个芽孢杆菌分离物进行了抑制番茄青枯病菌测定,其中12个表现良好的抑菌能力,通过细菌学和Biolog分析将其中5个代表性拮抗菌分别鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌,解淀粉芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌,其中枯草芽孢杆菌菌株的抑菌能力最强,解淀粉芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌菌株其次.同时在温室条件下测定这5个芽孢杆菌拮抗菌促进番茄生长和诱导番茄对青枯病的抗性效果.用芽孢杆菌处理番茄种子能够有效地控制番茄青枯病,通过测定种子萌发,植株生长高度以及鲜重和干重表明芽孢杆菌的大多数分离物能够促进植物生长,同时这5个芽孢杆菌拮抗菌比对照显著地减少了青枯病的发病率,然而, 促生和病害抑制的效果因不同的菌株而异.其中枯草芽孢杆菌拮抗菌株不仅是良好的促生剂,也是有效的抗性诱导剂,它能减少青枯病80%,充分显示了芽孢杆菌在番茄青枯病治理上的潜在重要性.     

环状芽孢杆菌A6产生的果胶酶和木聚糖酶分离纯化及酶学性质

寄生于南方亚麻茎杆上的环状芽孢杆菌发酵产生的果胶酶和木聚糖酶经采用(NH4)_2SO_4沉淀与半透膜透析,CM-Sephadex C-50凝胶离子交换柱层析,Sephadex G-100凝胶柱层析分离纯化.经鉴定果胶裂解酶和木聚糖酶基本达电泳纯,果胶裂解酶两个亚基的相对分子质量分别为32253,27400,木聚糖酶两个亚基的相对分子质量分别为86 489,57422;果胶裂解酶和木聚糖酶最适反应温度为45℃;果胶裂解酶最适反应pH值为10.5,木聚糖酶最适反应pH值为7;对果胶裂解酶而言,K~ ,Mg~(2 )有轻度的抑制作用.Fe~(2 ),Cu~(2 )有强抑制作用,Ca~(2 )有一定的激活作用;对木聚糖酶,K~ ,Mg~(2 )有轻微抑制作用,Cu~(2 )有强抑制作用,Ca~(2 )和Fe~(2 )有一定的激活作用.     

球形芽孢杆菌Bs-8093发酵上清液对青枯雷尔氏菌的抑菌作用

研究发现球形芽孢杆菌Bs-8093菌株的发酵上清液对青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株有抑制作用,不同配方发酵上清液对青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株F．1．2-010618-07V的校正抑制率不同,最高达82．94％,最低44．93％。采用正交试验对球形芽孢杆菌Bs-8093菌株发酵培养基进行筛选,结果表明:棉籽粉、牛肉浸膏和初始pH对 Bs-8093菌株活菌数及其发酵上清液对青枯雷尔氏菌的校正抑制率都有显著影响。试验获得的最佳摇瓶配方为: 棉籽粉5．0％、牛肉浸膏0．3％(质量分数),初始pH 7．4。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治植物真菌病害研究进展

介绍了枯草芽孢杆菌防治植物真菌病害的研究进展,阐述了枯草芽孢杆菌生防机制、育种及发酵培养研究概况。讨论了目前枯草芽孢杆菌在生防研究中存在的问题及发展前景。     

A strain of Bacillus subtilis stimulates sunflower growth (Helianthus annuus L.) temporarily

Preliminary studies showed that a Bacillus subtilis strain stimulates plant growth. We investigated how inoculating seeds of a sunflower cultivar (Helianthus annuus L.) with this strain stimulated plant growth, soil properties and emissions of greenhouse gasses, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), when cultivated in a greenhouse. Unfertilized sunflowers or fertilized with urea served as controls. After one month, root length and fresh and dry root weight of the sunflower was significantly higher in the bacteria amended plant than in the urea and unfertilized plants. However, at harvest, no positive effect was observed. The number of seeds per plant and seed weight was not significantly different between the treatments, but total plant N was significantly higher in urea-amended plants than in unfertilized plants. The CO₂ production rate was not affected by treatment, but the N₂O emission rate was significantly higher in soil amended with urea plus bacteria soil compared to the unfertilized treatments. It was found that the B. subtilis strain used in this study had a positive, but only temporarily effect on growth of the sunflower cultivar used.     

Effects of physicochemical interactions and microbial activity on the persistence of Cry1Aa Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxin in soil

Genetically modified crops, that produce Cry insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), release these toxins into soils through root exudates and upon decomposition of residues. The fate of these toxins in soil has not yet been clearly elucidated. Persistence can be influenced by biotic (degradation by microorganisms) and abiotic factors (physicochemical interactions with soil components, especially adsorption). The aim of this study was to follow the fate of Cry1Aa Bt toxin in contrasting soils subjected to different treatments to enhance or inhibit microbial activity, in order to establish the importance of biotic and abiotic processes for the fate of Bt toxin. The toxin was efficiently extracted from each soil using an alkaline buffer containing a protein, bovine serum albumin, and a nonionic surfactant, Tween 20. The marked decline of extractable toxin after incubation of weeks to months was soil-dependent. The decrease of extractable toxin with incubation time was not related to microbial degradation but mainly to physicochemical interactions with the surfaces that may decrease immunochemical detectability or enhance protein fixation. Hydrophobic interactions may play an important role in determining the interaction of the toxin with surfaces.     

Characterization and partial purification of a bacteriocin‐like substance produced by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis H1 isolated from cow manure compost

The production and partial characterization of bacteriocin‐like substances (BLSs) produced by bacteria isolated from cow manure compost were investigated. Eight BLS producers, which exhibited inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria, were isolated from cow manure compost at different stages of the composting process. The pile temperature ranged from 9.1°C to 73.2°C. The BLSs showed thermostability, but the BLS producers were not thermostable except for the H1 producer. Thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis H1 was further characterized. The culture supernatant of B. licheniformis H1 exhibited antagonistic activity against various species of Gram‐positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19111 but not against Gram‐negative bacteria except Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC11251. Inactivation of bacteriocin‐like activity by α‐chymotrypsin, trypsin, and papain was highly significant (P < 0.001). The BLS was found to be stable under a pH range from 3 to 9 and at temperatures up to 75°C for 60 min, but it lost activity after being autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. The optimum production of BLS by B. licheniformis H1 was obtained at a temperature of 55°C. Sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide electrophoresis analysis of concentrated partially purified supernatants collected after resting the bacterial cells at 55°C revealed a bacteriocin‐like protein with a molecular mass of approximately 3.5 kDa. This study is the first report of a BLS from thermophilic B. licheniformis with an animal compost origin.     

L型蜡样芽抱杆菌对草莓防御酶活性变化的影响

以易感白粉病的草莓品种"丰香"为试材,向草莓叶柄注射L型蜡样芽孢杆菌,测定了草莓叶片中SOD、POD、PPO及PAL 4种防御性酶活性的变化及白粉病感染情况。结果表明:注射L型蜡样芽孢杆菌后,4种防御性酶的活性均有不同程度的升高。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌毒素蛋白和粘虫颗粒体病毒对甜菜夜蛾中肠围食膜的破坏作用

利用扫描电镜和SDS-PAGE技术研究了苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)、粘虫颗粒体病毒(PuGV-Ps)及其增效蛋白(enhancin)对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua中肠围食膜的影响.电镜观察结果表明,正常的甜菜夜蛾围食膜外壁有韧性,表面较平滑,少皱褶,内壁表面较粗糙,有较厚质感,无孔洞和缝隙;取食PuGV-Ps或增效蛋白后的围食膜外壁皱缩,内壁质薄;Bt单独作用于围食膜同样改变了围食膜结构,但影响程度较小;未发现不同处理对甜菜夜蛾围食膜造成穿孔或裂缝.SDS-PAGE结果表明,取食PuGV-Ps或增效蛋白后,围食膜上150kD蛋白一定程度被降解,27kD蛋白也被部分降解,而29kD蛋白被完全降解;取食Bt后的围食膜上29kD蛋白也被降解.离体降解试验进一步证明PuGV-Ps增效蛋白对甜菜夜蛾围食膜上多种蛋白具有降解作用,甜菜夜蛾围食膜上29kD蛋白是Bt和PuGV-Ps增效蛋白共同作用的靶标蛋白.