Constructing community gardens? Residents’ attitude and behaviour towards edible landscapes in emerging urban communities of China

Community gardens are very popular in developed countries, providing multiple benefits to inhabitants. In developing China, residents in many emerging urban communities of China have been appropriating and reclaiming public open spaces intentionally as a leisure opportunity and transforming their entertainment functions into vegetable plots, which has caused a series of conflicts and disputes. However, this issue of informal community gardening has rarely been discussed formally at community level. Therefore, this study aims to learn and better understand what factors motivate residents to reclaim existing public open spaces for gardening and cultivating plants. The approach was to select and study informal community gardens in three urbanizing communities in Hangzhou, China. These emerging communities consist, to a significant extent, of people with farming experience, who have relocated here from previously rural areas during the urban expansion from the year 2000 to the current day. The informal community gardening takes place in the context of lack of community management, neglected public infrastructure and a disregard for resident’s living needs such as their personal sentiment, social activity, food quality and saving expenses. While most people are willing to participate in community gardening and those who do not want to contribute are not substantially against the activity. In the conclusions, suggestions are made about how to fulfil resident’s requirements and are presented at both community and city levels so that they may inform to the growth of emerging communities in other cities and countries undergoing rapid urbanization.     

Economic valuation of land restoration: The case of exclosures established on communal grazing lands in Tigray,Ethiopia

Converting degraded grazing lands into exclosures is one option to restore soil nutrients and to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. We estimate the economic value of such a conversion and assess the perception of local communities concerning exclosures in the highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia. Our research combines a soil and vegetation study with a socio‐economic survey, and a financial analysis. Over a period of 30 years, sequestered carbon dioxide was 246 Mg ha⁻¹, total soil nitrogen increased by 7·9 Mg ha⁻¹ and additional available phosphorous stocks amounted to 40 kg ha⁻¹. The Net Present Value of exclosure's ecosystem services under consideration was about 28 per cent (837 US $) higher than alternative wheat production. Carbon revenues alone added up to only about 44 per cent of the net revenues of wheat production. This indicates that (i) carbon market revenues only, would not generate sufficient incentives to establish additional exclosures, and (ii) if all benefits are taken into account and financially rewarded, exclosures are competitive to alternatives land uses. We also identified substantial opportunities to mobilize the local communities in efforts to establish exclosures, given that more than 75 per cent had a positive view on exclosures effectiveness to restore degraded soils and vegetation. We conclude that a comprehensive analysis is necessary to consider the ecological as well as economic and social impacts of exclosures. Our findings are important information for local decision makers and may provide incentives for the establishment of further exclosures in the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia, thereby contributing to a sustainable local development process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西双版纳自然保护区与周边社区的和谐发展研究

指出了自然保护区的建立和发展,在一定程度上限制和损害了周边社区及其居民的资源利用和经济利益。而周边社区的居民有些传统的生活习俗也不利于自然保护区的管理。通过对西双版纳自然保护区与周边社区发展基本情况的了解,找出了其发展中存在的问题,探讨了自然保护区与周边社区怎样共同和谐发展,并提出了合理性的措施和建议。     

淳化县不同植被类型群落特征和物种多样性研究

采取随机取样法对渭北黄土高原淳化县自然和人工恢复植被进行了研究,分析了不同植被类型典型群落的特征和物种多样性。结果表明：王家山地区4种群落中共发现植物67种,分别隶属于24科56属。乔灌群落的外貌特征主要由高位芽植物决定,而草地主要由地面芽植物构成。物种多样性Shannon-wiener指数、均匀度指数和物种丰富度指数的大小顺序均为草地群落〉灌木群落〉乔木群落,而它们的Simpson指数大小顺序与之相反;乔木林之间群落相似性指数最高,乔木林和灌木林与草地的相似性指数均很低。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系的建立

以提纯的IBV-M病毒抗原免疫BALB/C小鼠,末次免疫后三天取脾细胞与SP_2/O细胞在50％PEG2000作用下融合,三次融合两次获得成功。经抗体检测、筛选和克隆化培养,最后获得三株分泌特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系。三株杂交癌细胞经体外连续传代培养2个多月,以及液氮冻存4个月后复苏培养,仍能稳定地分泌抗体。     

表达两种不同外膜蛋白的禽大肠杆菌融合菌株的构建

对从陕西省主要养鸡地区病死鸡及鸡胚中分离的致病性禽源大肠杆菌,用SDS-PAGE进行Omp分型。采用不同浓度溶菌酶作用不同时间裂解细胞壁,制备原生质体,在高渗平板上再生培养;在药敏试验的基础上,结合Omp型分析,选择具有交叉耐药且Omp型不同的菌株,利用PEG诱导进行原生质体融合,在含双抗的高渗平板上筛选融合株,对不同代次的融合株分别进行革兰氏染色镜检、生化鉴定、血清型鉴定和Omp型分析。结果表明,所构建的融合菌株染色镜检和生化特性均符合大肠杆菌特征,75%融合子可凝集2亲本的O抗原,25%凝集其中1个亲本的O抗原;外膜蛋白型表现为1个或2个亲本的带型,但都有不同程度的增强。经稳定性检验证明其为遗传学上稳定的融合子。     

贵州强度石漠化石生藓类区系分布及生态特征

对强度石漠化区域石生环境30个样点150个样方藓类植物进行调查,共记录石生藓类9科25属55种。优势科为丛藓科(Pottiaceae)和真藓科(Bryaceae),共17属,41种;优势属为曲柄藓属(Campyulopus)、净口藓属(Gymnostomum)、扭口藓属(Barbula)、真藓属(Bryum)、小石藓属(Weisia)、绢藓属(Entodon)6个属,共30种。区系分布由10个成分组成,其中以温带成分为主,兼以热带亚洲、中国特有和东亚成分。生活型以丛集型和交织型为主,共占总种数的96.4%,平铺型较少。由于喀斯特强度石漠化区域岩石大多为碳酸盐岩,干旱和土壤营养瘠薄环境导致群落类型以干燥石生苔藓群落占绝对的优势。因此,区域内耐旱的石生藓类得以较好生长和繁殖,逐渐在岩石表面积累了薄土层,进而改善了岩面局部的温湿环境,在一定程度上为其他植物的殖居创造了条件。     

蚯蚓肠道对重金属污染土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为研究重金属污染土壤经不同生态类型蚯蚓消化后蚓粪和消化前土壤的微生物群落结构差异,选取2种不同污染特征的重金属污染水稻土,分别接种表栖型赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia fetida和内栖型壮伟环毛蚓Amynthas robustus进行10d室内盆钵培养后采集新鲜蚓粪,通过变性梯度凝胶电泳技术和序列分析研究蚓粪和对照土壤的微生物种群特征。蚓粪微生物丰富度和Shannon指数均明显高于对照土壤(P0.05),微生物群落结构发生变化,但2种蚓粪间微生物多样性指数无显著差异,群落结构具有一定的相似性。对蚓粪处理的优势条带进行序列分析发现,主要的优势菌群有:香味菌属(Myroides sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium sp.)、金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacteriumsp.)、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas sp.)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)以及不可培养细菌。蚯蚓取食重金属污染土壤消化后产生的蚓粪微生物群落结构发生变化,种群多样性更为丰富;不同生态类型蚯蚓间的蚓粪微生物群落有一定的相似性,其优势菌群大多为与金属迁移转化相关的菌群。     

长白山森林沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律研究(Ⅰ)——白桦沼泽群落演替规律研究

该文目的在于揭示长白山森林沼泽生态交错带群落的演替规律 ,以便为科学地保护和经营管理森林与湿地过渡带生物资源提供依据 .选择本区典型的白桦沼泽生态交错带为研究对象 .采用定量观测和建立经验回归模型的方法 ,研究群落建群种白桦生长过程和斑块动态、蒸腾排水作用的相关规律 ,预测白桦沼泽生态交错带演替进程 .研究结果表明 :随着群落建群种白桦生长加快、年龄不断增大 ,林分个体着生的微域斑块呈现三次式函数曲线增大 ,林分蒸腾排水作用按幂函数曲线增强 .随着群落的发育 ,斑块不断扩大和生物排水作用的增强 ,白桦沼泽交错群落在 5 0～ 6 0a内将会使交错带生境趋于中生化 ,并演替为森林     

四川省盐边县鸟类多样性调查

对盐边县鸟类区系组成、特点以及优势种、常见种调查分析表明:盐边县现有鸟类215种,隶属于17目39科;繁殖鸟类183种,非繁殖鸟类32种;其中古北界种类71种,东洋界种类111种,广布种类26种,属于国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类3种,Ⅱ级保护鸟类17种.还对该县不同生境中鸟类组成、种群数量和多样性进行了分析.