禽副粘病毒Ⅰ型（APMV-1）分子生物学研究进展

主要介绍了禽副粘病毒1型两种主要的囊膜糖蛋白基因的特点，结合最近出现的几种分类方法，描述了两种新近出现的副粘病毒病，强调了禽副粘病毒所表现出的新的致病特点，为研究禽副粘病毒病的防制方法提供了理论依据。     

新疆地区鸡伤寒白痢沙门氏菌病的调查

对新疆地区鸡沙门氏菌病进行了病原学、血清学和流行病学调查，结果表明分离的246株细菌与鸡白痢鸡伤少门氏菌诊断血清呈阳性反应；对15株鸡沙门氏菌进行抗原结构分析，表明8株为标准型鸡白痢伤寒沙门氏菌，7株为中间型鸡沙门氏菌，对其中86株菌的生化鉴定表明符合鸡白痢鸡伤寒沙门氏菌的生化特性。该病在我区的发病死亡率为1％－25％，发病严重的鸡场为50％－75％。该病除了单一感染外，还与鸡大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、鸡球虫病混合感染。     

Different infection routes of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice

The continuing outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in Asia and Africa have caused worldwide concern because of the high mortality rates in poultry, suggesting its potential to become a pandemic influenza virus in humans. The transmission route of the virus among either the same species or different species is not yet clear. Broilers and BABL/c mice were inoculated with the H5N1 strain of influenza A virus isolated from birds. The animals were inoculated with 0.1 mL 10^6.83 TCID₅₀ of H5N1 virus oronasally, intraperitoneally and using eye drops. The viruses were examined by virological and pathological assays. In addition, to detect horizontal transmission, in each group, healthy chicks and mice were mixed with those infected. Viruses were detected in homogenates of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and blood of the infected mice and chickens. Virus antigen was not detected in the spleen, kidney or gastrointestinal tract, but detected by Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) assay in the brain, liver and lung without degenerative change in these organs (in the group inoculated using eye drops. The detection results for mice inoculated using eye drops suggest that this virus might have a different tissue tropism from other influenza viruses mainly restricted to the respiratory tract in mice. All chicken samples tested positive for the virus, regardless of the method of inoculation. Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses are highly pathogenic to chickens, but its virulence in other animals is not yet known. To sum up, the results suggest that the virus replicates not only in different animal species but also through different routes of infection. In addition, the virus was detection not only in the respiratory tract but also in multiple extra‐respiratory tissues. This study demonstrates that H5N1 virus infection in mice can cause systemic disease and spread through potentially novel routes within and between mammalian hosts.     

禽流感与鸡新城疫免疫距离测定技术的初步研究

鸡禽流感与新城疫免疫评价指标对科学指导家禽疫苗免疫工作意义重大,不仅关系到家禽免疫程序制定与免疫时机把握,更直接关系到家禽的健康生产与经济效益。本文根据近几年鸡禽流感与新城疫免疫抗体监测数据,结合当前禽病的流行情况、病原变异情况、免疫情况、饲养环境变化情况等,通过测定家禽免疫HI距离,研究建立了界差率（Q）指标,同现行的抗体合格率等免疫评价指标相比,通过本指标可以对家禽免疫水平和健康状态作出科学分析和评估,对适时掌握禽流感、新城疫免疫状态和免疫时机做好二者的免疫预防工作意义重大。     

Wildfire Management Across Rangeland Ownerships: Factors Influencing Rangeland Fire Protection Association Establishment and Functioning

Policymakers and managers are promoting Rangeland Fire Protection Associations (RFPA) as one way to better incorporate private citizens as active participants who contribute to fire suppression efforts on public rangelands. While the RFPA program is growing in popularity, little is known about the way that RFPAs establish and operate. This is especially true in mosaic management scenarios characterized by fragmented landownerships and a variety of land or fire management entities responsible for wildfire suppression. Our goal was to investigate how an RFPA forms and functions in a management scenario characterized by: 1) proximity to exurban residential development; 2) agreements with multiple local, state, and federal wildfire suppression entities; and 3) a geographically disperse protection district. We conducted in-depth interviews with RFPA members, land or fire management professionals, emergency managers, and local interest groups who interact with the Black Canyon RFPA (BCRFPA) in southwestern Idaho. We found that the BCRFPA leveraged the insights, documents and support of existing RFPAs during their establishment, but ultimately had to adapt the RFPA idea to specific elements of their local context. Members of nearby rural fire districts were initially apprehensive about the formation of the BCRFPA due to concerns about resource competition (e.g., funding and large equipment). RFPA members with professional firefighting experience helped alleviate those tensions by explaining how the RFPA would integrate into existing wildfire management networks. The BCRFPA provided local knowledge about road conditions, water resources, and fuel conditions and initial attack to fill in gaps in landscape-level wildfire protection. However, the proximity of residential areas to the BCRFPA protection district made decisions about fire suppression more complex by introducing trade-offs between residential and rangeland resource protections. Ultimately, our results indicate that RFPAs can help rangeland human populations better adapt to wildfire risk, but that social fragmentation may challenge RFPA functioning.     

美国七彩山鸡传染性脑脊髓炎的诊治及病理研究

山西省某场美国七彩山鸡发病,确诊为七彩山鸡的传染性脑脊髓炎。其外部症状明显表现为精神沉郁、反应迟钝、头颈震颤,共济失调。病理解剖表明,该病病变主要在脑部,具体表现为脑膜紧张、湿润,血管呈树枝状充血状态,大小脑水肿。观察其病理组织学特征,切片表现为神经细胞变性和坏死、神经小胶质细胞增生、脑和脊髓出现明显的血管周围浸润现象,即血管套现象。     

近年来中国H9亚型禽流感分离株谱系分析

从GenBank中下载所有来自中国（含港、澳、台）的H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因885条核苷酸序列（长度≥900bp）,用MEGA5.0软件进行谱系分析。结果表明我国近年来H9亚型禽流感病毒以第h9.4.2.5分支为主（代表株为A/chicken/Guangxi/55/2005）,而不是WHO新近报告所列出的4株病毒（A/Quail/HongKong/G1/97、A/chicken/HongKong/G9/97、A/duck/HongKong/Y280/97、A/HongKong/33982/2009）所代表的分支。此分析结果对于研制针对这一病毒感染的疫苗有重要指导意义。     

大兴安岭北部春季兴安落叶松林鸟类群落的垂直结构

2011年4月24～5月15日,在黑龙江省岭峰自然保护区对春季兴安落叶松林鸟类群垂直结构进行了研究,共观察到鸟类36种,分属6目17科,非雀形目鸟类6科13种,雀形目鸟类11科23种。雀形目鸟类的种类最多,占总数的63.89%,这和我国北方地区鸟类组成相一致。研究结果显示大兴安岭春季兴安落叶松林中,鸟类垂直分层现象较为明显,林冠层和地面(或水面)鸟类多样性较高,而乔木层和灌木层鸟类丰富度较高;草本层鸟类较少。分析显示造成这种结果的原因不仅与鸟类的食物资源分布有关,而且与鸟类的求偶、领域以及防御行为具有密切关系。本研究结果为鸟类保护和森林管理提供了依据。     

动物园鹦鹉科鸟类H5 N1禽流感疫苗免疫后效果监测

多年来动物园虽然严格按照国家强制要求对园内饲养的野生鸟类进行禽流感疫苗的免疫接种工作,但是对于接种后各种鸟类免疫效果的问题仍未有研究。本次研究主要目的为探究圈养鸟类免疫商品化禽流感疫苗后的免疫效果如何,以及各个物种对疫苗的免疫应答水平是否相同。实验中选取动物园几种圈养小型鹦鹉科鸟类为实验对象,对其进行禽流感H5N1亚型疫苗免疫接种后,利用血凝(HA)及血凝抑制(HI)实验监测禽流感抗体水平变化规律,评估免疫效果。从初步的实验结果发现,鹦鹉科鸟类仅接种一次商品化禽流感疫苗,其免疫应答水平普遍偏低,免疫效果不理想。根据实验结果,尝试性地以虎皮鹦鹉为实验对象,尝试调整免疫程序后再次进行禽流感疫苗的免疫接种,通过多次尝试找出较好的免疫程序,使得虎皮鹦鹉的禽流感疫苗免疫效果得到改善,为今后制定出适合其他种类野生鸟类的禽流感免疫程序提供了科学依据。