不同解磷菌群对油菜土壤养分与酶活性的影响

利用盆栽油菜的二因素完全随机区组设计,研究了北方石灰性土壤上施用不同解磷菌群对土壤速效养分及土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同解磷菌群施入不同P素水平土壤中,油菜整个生育期内都能不同程度地提高土壤速效养分和土壤酶活性;土壤磷酸酶活性则随P素水平增高而降低,即低P水平下磷酸酶活性较强;施用菌肥土壤磷酸酶活性高于不施用菌肥处理,施与不施菌肥处理间脲酶活性在苗期及低P水平下差异显著。     

半干旱区玉米水肥空间耦合效应Ⅱ.土壤水分和速效氮的动态分布

在灌水量为300m3/hm2、施N肥量为248.1kg/hm2的条件下,模拟大田条件研究了两种水肥空间耦合方式下的土壤水分、速效N的动态运移规律。试验表明,在半干旱地区隔沟灌溉水肥异区、隔沟灌溉水肥同区两种处理方式的灌溉水在剖面上均以垂直运动为主,同时存在水平运动。隔沟灌溉水肥同区处理的速效N在剖面上垂直运动明显,处理后15天速效N基本均匀地分布于0~100cm土层内,速效N含量在施肥区和未施肥区之间差异较小;而隔沟灌溉水肥异区处理的速效N垂直运动程度小,速效N主要分布在60cm以上土层,速效N水平运动不明显,施肥区速效N含量远高于未施肥区。水肥异区养分的淋溶深度较小,淋失的可能性小,有利于养分长期在剖面较浅层次中分布,为作物吸收创造了条件。     

施钴对冬小麦产量和蛋白质含量及土壤有效钴含量的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了石灰性褐土上不同钴施用量对冬小麦产量、蛋白质含量及土壤有效钴含量的影响。试验结果表明:施用适量的钴可以显著提高冬小麦的产量和蛋白质的含量。各施钴处理较对照增产0.98-13.73%, 生物产量增加2.01-18.47%,其中以处理Co3增产最高。在施钴量4mg kg-1以内,随着施钴量的增加,增产效应提高,但当施钴量超过4mg kg-1时,冬小麦的籽粒产量和生物产量增加,但增产效应下降。处理Co1、处理Co2的蛋白质含量分别比对照增加2.14和1.1个百分点,但处理Co3、处理Co4的蛋白质含量分别比对照减少0.07和0.21个百分点。各处理的蛋白质产量比对照增加0.06%-20.02%,其中以处理Co1增加最大,处理Co2次之。土壤有效钴含量与施钴量呈极显著正相关,小麦籽粒中钴含量与施钴量呈显著正相关。     

Comparisons of the influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on the productivity of hedgerow woody legumes and cassava at the top and the base of a hillslope in alley cropping systems

We investigated the influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation on growth and nutrient relationships in two alley-cropping trials, one at the top and the other at the base of a hillslope. Each trial involved three woody hedgerow legumes with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as the sole intercrop. The hedgerow trees at the base of the slope showed greater survival and higher leaf dry weights than those at the top of the slope, although these parameters were not affected by VAM inoculation, either at the top or the base of the slope. In contrast to survival, the uptake of nutrients, particularly P and N, was higher for inoculated than uninoculated hedgerow trees, both at the top and at the base of slope. Increases in stem and leaf biomass and the uptake of nutrients by the trees were strongly correlated with increases in P uptake, indicating that the improvements were attributable to VAM inoculation. Cassava tuber yields at the base of the slope, from inoculated or uninoculated plants, were significantly greater than the corresponding cassava yields at the top of the slope. These increases at the base of the slope compared to the top of the slope were not attributed to available soil nutrients but to greater VAM spore density. Higher available soil moisture may have been another factor. Increasing the VAM spore density of effective mycorrhiza through proper agronomic practices at the top of a slope may bring about comparable yields on different parts of the slope.     

土壤速效磷含量空问插值方法比较研究

采用土壤空间变异及其插值方法,对上海五四农场现代化农业园区水稻田60m×60m间隔采样,得到280个土壤有机质含量、速效磷、速效钾、全N、全P等采样数据,用逆距离加权、球面多项式、局部多项式、辐射基础函数、简单克立格、通用克立格、平常克立格(指数模型、球形模型、高斯模型、静态模型)等插值方法,对该区土壤速效磷含量的140采样点进行插值,得到各种插值的速效磷连续空间分布,将插值所得拟合值与同期测得的另140个采样点数据进行比较,则局部多项式插值、球面多项式和3种克立格插值方法效果较好,其中局部多项式插值方法效果最佳,平常克立格的静态模型、高斯模型和球形模型插值效果较佳。     

Nutrient availability and interactions between soil arthropods and microorganisms during decomposition of coniferous litter: a mesocosm study

Summary The functional roles of the fungivorous collembolan Tomocerus minor and the detritivorous isopod Philoscia muscorum during the decomposition of Pinus nigra needles were studied in mesocosms filled with two different types of F1 litter, obtained from two different forest soils. The effects of the animals on the availability of K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO _inf3 ^sup- , NH _inf4 ^sup+ , and PO _inf4 ^sup3- and on the respiration, dehydrogenase, and cellulase activity of microorganisms were measured over one growing season. The animals were introduced into the F1 litter in three densities. The most important animal effect was a buffering effect, in that addition of the animals increased nutrient availability and microbial activity where the corresponding values in control mesocosms without animals were low, and decreased the nutrient availability and microbial activity where control values were high. This effect occurred for both species and was most evident in the substrate with the highest temporal fluctuations. The effects on nutrient availability are attributed to an animal effect on the activity of and successional stage reached the microbial community, with NH _inf4 ^sup+ availability seen as the most important factor. The concept of functional groups in relation to these animal effects is discussed.     

土壤养分速测仪在蔬菜育苗基质上的应用

[目的]为获得快速测定育苗基质水解性氮、有效磷(P2O5)、速效钾(K2O)含量的方法.[方法]采用土壤养分速测仪,筛选育苗基质测定的适宜浸提剂用量、固液(基质与水)浸提比例和浸提时间以及仪器读取数据与常规法测得的基质水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾含量的换算方法.[结果]土壤养分速测仪水解性氮测定值略高于常规法,速效钾测定值接近常规法,有效磷测定值低于常规法.[结论]该研究可以为测定育苗基质水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾提供理论支持.     

张家界永定区耕地土壤有效磷现状及其空间特征

[目的]弄清永定区耕地土壤有效磷含量特征与空间分异规律,为测土配方施肥和农业面源污染控制提供依据。[方法]采用野外调查取样、室内分析测定、3S技术等方法进行。[结果]永定区耕地土壤有效磷平均为15.3 mg/kg,水田略高于旱地;土壤有效磷空间分布总体呈小团块状或条带状,不同土类与行政区域差异较大,以三级含量水平分布面积最大,为13 281.0 hm2。[结论]永定区耕地土壤有效磷含量总体处于中等偏高水平,但空间变异较大。在磷肥施用中应结合土壤有效磷含量与空间分布规律进行,以防止高值区土壤有效磷盈余过高,造成肥料浪费与农业面源污染的危险。     

氮磷钾配施对大丽花生长发育、叶片养分及土壤有效养分的影响

以大丽花品种深玫红为试材,采用"3414"不完全正交回归设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾施肥处理对盆栽大丽花生长发育、叶片及土壤有效养分含量的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理能显著提高大丽花花量、花瓣数和功能叶片数,以N3P2K2处理的效果最显著。不同施肥处理对大丽花植株氮、磷、钾含量的影响不同。单因素分析表明,氮磷钾肥显著提高叶片氮、磷、钾含量。与对照相比,不同施肥处理的土壤有效养分含量均有所增加。     

宁夏中南部作物生长期可利用降水变化规律及其异常特征

[目的]研究宁夏中南部作物生长期可利用降水变化规律及其异常特征。[方法]利用1961～2010年宁夏中南部9个气象站3～9月逐月降水、气温和美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用高桥浩一郎蒸散经验公式、Mann-Kendall、Lepage法、Morlet小波分析等方法对宁夏中南部作物生长期可利用降水的变化特征及其异常特征进行分析。[结果]近50年宁夏中部干旱区与南部丘陵区作物生长期可利用降水量差异明显,呈南多北少特征,2个区域可利用降水量均呈减少趋势;各年代的变化各不相同,中部干旱区70年代以后、南部丘陵区90年代以后可利用降水量持续偏少,且中部干旱区可利用降水量变率大;2个区域作物生长期可利用降水分布极不均匀,均主要出现在7、8、9月,占生长期总量的76%以上,而3、4、5月低于生长期总量的14%。中部干旱区和南部丘陵区均未出现突变现象;中部干旱区主要存在5～7年的周期,其次是2～3年的周期;南部丘陵区主要存在2～3年的周期,其次是10～12年的年代际周期。多雨年北半球欧亚500 hPa高度距平场中贝加尔湖、蒙古国和我国西北部地区为负距平区,少雨年则为正距平区。[结论]该研究为宁夏中南部空中可利用水资源的合理利用提供参考。