Estimating nocturnal ecosystem respiration from the vertical turbulent flux and change in storage of CO2

Micrometeorological measurements of nighttime ecosystem respiration can be systematically biased when stable atmospheric conditions lead to drainage flows associated with decoupling of air flow above and within plant canopies. The associated horizontal and vertical advective fluxes cannot be measured using instrumentation on the single towers typically used at micrometeorological sites. A common approach to minimize bias is to use a threshold in friction velocity, u_*, to exclude periods when advection is assumed to be important, but this is problematic in situations when in-canopy flows are decoupled from the flow above. Using data from 25 flux stations in a wide variety of forest ecosystems globally, we examine the generality of a novel approach to estimating nocturnal respiration developed by van Gorsel et al. (van Gorsel, E., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H.A., Keith, H., Suni, T., 2007. Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to the u_*-threshold filtering technique. Tellus 59B, 397–403, Tellus, 59B, 307-403). The approach is based on the assumption that advection is small relative to the vertical turbulent flux (F_C) and change in storage (F_S) of CO₂ in the few hours after sundown. The sum of F_C and F_S reach a maximum during this period which is used to derive a temperature response function for ecosystem respiration. Measured hourly soil temperatures are then used with this function to estimate respiration R_Rmax. The new approach yielded excellent agreement with (1) independent measurements using respiration chambers, (2) with estimates using ecosystem light-response curves of F_c + F_s extrapolated to zero light, R_LRC, and (3) with a detailed process-based forest ecosystem model, R_cast. At most sites respiration rates estimated using the u_*-filter, R_ust, were smaller than R_Rmax and R_LRC. Agreement of our approach with independent measurements indicates that R_Rmax provides an excellent estimate of nighttime ecosystem respiration.     

Overstory vegetation influence nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon flux from the atmosphere to the forest floor: Boreal Plain,Canada

Nitrate, ammonium, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and flux were measured for one year in bulk deposition and throughfall from three stand types (upland deciduous, upland conifer and wetland conifer) on the Boreal Plain, Canada. Annual (November 2006 to October 2007 water year) flux rates in bulk deposition were 80, 216, 114 and 410 mg N m⁻² for nitrate, ammonium, DON and TDN, respectively, and 3.5 g C m⁻² for DOC. The nitrate and ammonium flux in throughfall were approximately 50% of the flux in bulk deposition, while TDN flux in throughfall was 60–74% of the flux in bulk deposition. The DOC flux in throughfall was approximately 2 times greater than DOC flux in bulk deposition, while there was no detectable difference in DON flux. The forest canopy generally had the most impact on throughfall chemistry during the active growing season as compared with the dormant season, although DOC concentrations in throughfall of deciduous stands was highest during autumn. For the upland stands, TDN flow-weighted mean concentrations in the snowpack were not detectably different from the concentrations in throughfall and bulk deposition throughout the rest of the year. However, ammonium concentrations were lower and DON concentrations were higher in the snowpack than in either throughfall or bulk deposition for the other seasons, suggesting some transformation of ammonium to DON within the snowpack.     

财政支持对提高农民家庭经营收入的效果——基于1991—2008年统计数据的再检验

基于1991至2008年的统计数据,运用ADF检验、协整检验及误差修正模型,分析了财政支持对农民人均家庭经营收入的影响。结果表明,近些年国家财政支农绝对量的增加对提高农民人均家庭经营收入有一定的推动作用,但这种推动作用的长期或短期效果都还不令人满意,财政支农对农民收入影响还有很大的提高空间。因此,本文提出了调整国民收入分配格局,加大财政支农力度;建立财政对农业支持的长期稳定机制;鼓励和吸引社会资金投入等政策建议。     

湛江市大气环境承载力与环境安全研究

通过建立大气环境承载力量化模型,对湛江市2007年大气环境承载状态进行了现状评价,并对湛江市2010年和2020年大气环境承载状态进行了情景预测研究。结果表明,湛江市大气环境承载现状良好,但是在经济快速增长、城市化加快的大背景下,如果湛江继续按照现有模式发展,到2020年大气环境承载将达到预警状态。     

河北省经济增长与能源消费关系及能源战略研究

运用计量经济学中的协整理论和Granger因果检验理论,研究了1980~2008年河北省经济增长与能源消费之间的关系。结果表明,它们之间是长期均衡关系,且存在能源消费对经济增长的单向因果关系。河北省能源强度明显高于全国平均水平,且以煤炭为主,需进行能源多元化发展,并提高能源效率和进行产业结构调整。     

西安市秋季大气细粒子（PM2．5）中化学元素的浓度特征和来源

[目的]研究西安市秋季大气细粒子（PM2.5）中化学元素的浓度特征及来源。[方法]于2009年10月利用微流量采样器采集西安大气中PM2.5样品,分析其元素浓度特征及来源。[结果]西安市秋季大气中PM2.5质量浓度的平均值为168.44μg/m3,最小值为53.29μg/m3,最大值达358.16μg/m3,高于北京、珠江三角洲;PM2.5中S、Zn、K、Cl、Ca、Fe的质量浓度均超过1.0μg/m3,处于较高污染水平;PM2.5中K与有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）的相关性较高,相关系数分别为0.76和0.75（P〈0.0001）,说明OC、EC与K具有相同的来源,生物质燃烧对OC、EC有一定的贡献;元素的富集因子分析表明,K、Ca、Fe、Ti、Mn和Cr主要来源于地壳或岩石风化等自然源,而S、Zn、Cl、Pb、Br、Mo、Cd和As主要受人为污染源的影响,而受土壤扬尘等自然源的影响较小,其中Cd的富集因子最大,主要来源于金属冶炼等人为污染;燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放、冶金化工、扬尘等是该区秋季PM2.5的主要来源。[结论]该研究为城市环境污染治理提供了理论依据。     

我国耕地数量变化与耕地保护政策关系的计量研究

摘要依据国土资源部《全国土地利用变更调查报告》《中国国土资源公报》《新中国50年统计资料汇编》等数据,选取耕地数量变化和耕地保护政策两大指标,借助经济计量学理论以及Eviewes5．1软件,运用协整分析、Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应等分析方法分析了改革开放以来我国耕地数量变化与耕地保护政策之间的关系。结果表明,耕地变化与耕地保护政策之间存在一种长期均衡关系,两者之间存在着某种机制在制约着变量的运动,使二者之间短期内的偏离不会太远,长期则会走向均衡;耕地变化与耕地保护政策之间存在单向的因果关系,即耕地变化与是耕地保护政策的Granger原因,而耕地保护政策不是耕地变化的Granger原因;脉;中响应以及方差分解表明,耕地变化对耕地保护政策具有较为持续的促进作用,且作用程度随着滞后期的加大而加强;耕地保护政策具有较强的惯性,主要受其自身以前水平的影响,耕地保护政策对耕地数量促进作用不太显著。因此,解决耕地过快减少问题的重要途径应是制定长期策略,强化耕地保护政策理论研究,加大耕地保护政策的制定、执行和监督力度。     

社区矫正对象社会支持网研究——基于社会工作系统论的视角

以对安徽省H市两个社区和一个县的社区矫正对象实地调研资料为基础,从社会工作系统论的视角出发重点分析了矫正对象社会支持网的现状,并提出从个人网络、互助群体和社区网络联系三个层面帮助矫正对象恢复和重建社会支持网。     

我国城乡居民消费差异-基于四变量误差修正模型的实证分析

利用中国1991—2008年时间序列数据,分析中国城镇和农村地区居民消费差异,所使用的分析方法包括ADF平稳性检验,协整检验以及四变量误差修正模型,Chow检验。分析结果表明,中国城镇和农村地区同时存在消费与收入的长期均衡关系,消费物价水平的上升及政府补贴政策对提高城乡居民收入弹性有间接的正向效应,其中对城镇居民收入弹性的正向效应大于农村居民,另外城乡居民的消费行为存在结构稳定性。     

基于斜率-截距校正算法的番茄营养液ISE监测

利用斜率-截距校正算法(SBC)解决离子选择电极连续在线测量电势漂移问题,结合Nernst线性模型预测无土栽培番茄苗期至果期营养液NO3-N、K+、Ca2+含量变化。结果表明:SBC校正算法可有效减少离子选择电极(ISE)电势漂移,提高线性预测模型重复性,校正后ISE响应斜率漂移范围不超过0.4 m V/decade,截距漂移范围可控制在1 m V以内。SBC校正算法可提高Nernst线性模型预测精度,NO3-N、K+、Ca2+含量预测平均相对误差分别从校正前的43.31%、38.46%、93.83%降至校正后的5.99%、7.44%、27.96%。校正后ISE可实现番茄营养液在线连续监测,反映营养液中目标离子含量变化。番茄花期养分吸收较活跃,NO3-N、K+、Ca2+含量分别下降45.19%、36.46%和27.92%。