基于薄云雾去除的ETM+影像大气校正

中国南方农业遥感监测中,遥感影像常常受到薄云雾影响,大气的散射与吸收作用会使传感器接收到的地物反射率与真实值之间存在差距,是导致数据质量下降的主要原因,薄云雾去除和大气校正处理是十分必要的。该研究利用LandSat-7/ETM+影像,结合背景抑制云雾厚度因子（BSHTI）云检测方法和虚拟云点（VCP）云去除方法进行薄云雾去除,并与暗元法去云处理结果对比分析,然后将去云处理后的影像进行FLAASH大气校正,选取校正前后典型地物的光谱特征和NDVI值进行分析评价。结果表明,BSHTI-VCP法可有效消除薄云雾对遥感数据的影响,提高了云雾覆盖范围的影像质量;FLAASH大气校正较好地消除了大气影响,获得了地物真实地表反射率。该研究为南方作物遥感监测中定量反演与信息解译提供了良好理论支持。     

石墨炉原子吸收标准加入校正法测定土壤中痕量镉

选用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸、硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸2种消解体系,建立了石墨炉原子吸收标准加入校正法测定土壤中镉的方法,能够实现对土壤镉的准确测定.以硝酸钯为基体改进剂,优化灰化温度为550℃,原子化温度为1600℃.分别取土壤标准样品GBW07452、GBW07388经微波消解或全自动消解后,定量加入到标准溶液系列中...     

饱和修正系数提高ZZLAS型闪烁仪测量显热通量精度

为了研究饱和效应对大孔径闪烁仪估算区域显热通量的影响,在2014年8—9月期间进行试验,以具有抗饱和性能的双光路BLS900型闪烁仪为参考,以孔径尺寸为0.075 m(文中简记为LAS1)、0.15 m(文中简记为LAS2)的中国产ZZLAS型闪烁仪为研究对象,通过光学传播原理计算出饱和修正系数,并对ZZLAS型闪烁仪的观测结果进行饱和修正分析。结果表明:LAS1的饱和修正系数为1.034,LAS2的饱和修正系数为1.019。试验观测中LAS1饱和率为24.58%,LAS2饱和率为2.04%,进行饱和修正后,LAS1的有效饱和修正率为12.87%。与BLS900相比,LAS1修正后显热通量均方根误差变为25.67 W/m2;LAS2的饱和修正率仅为0.32%,修正前后显热通量均方根误差基本无变化。进行饱和修正前,对BLS900与LAS1观测的显热通量进行F检验,未达到显著水平(P=0.15);通过计算得出的修正系数修正后,达到极显著水平(P=0.004);而利用BLS900的实时修正系数进行修正后,接近显著水平(P=0.06)。利用试验计算得出的饱和修正系数修正后,显热通量与参考标准的误差范围为1.28~53.42 W/m2,比修正前更接近BLS900的观测结果。研究对农田、人工林下垫面条件下的观测结果采用文中的饱和修正方法进行验证,结果也表明,经饱和修正后,闪烁仪观测的显热通量更接近BLS900的观测结果。当ZZLAS型闪烁仪发生明显饱和现象时,利用光学传播原理计算得出的修正系数对饱和数据进行修正效果显著。     

辽宁地区玉米耗水量与产量的关系

为探讨生长季自然降水条件下水分状况对玉米产量的影响,利用锦州2011、2012年和2014年玉米分期播种试验数据和1981—2010年辽宁农业气象历史资料,研究干旱年份水分与玉米产量的定量关系。结果表明:玉米产量和总耗水量间呈二次抛物线的关系(R~2=0.793,F=105,P=0.0001,n=57),当耗水量达到400~600 mm时,玉米能够获得高产;玉米不同生育阶段需水量呈现抽雄~乳熟期拔节~抽雄期出苗~拔节期乳熟~成熟期播种~出苗期的变化规律,各阶段日耗水强度分别为5.75、4.78、2.36、1.84 mm·d~(-1)和1.35 mm·d~(-1)。在分析相对叶面积指数和相对作物系数关系的基础上,提出了作物水分胁迫系数的相对叶面积订正方法,建立了以Jenson模型为基础的玉米水分生产函数模型。     

微灌石英砂滤层清洁压降计算参数确定与分析

清洁压降是微灌石英砂滤层的重要指标,为了确定石英砂滤层清洁压降经验公式的计算参数,并确定最有效的过滤速度和最有效清洁压降,在对2种石英砂滤层进行清水过滤试验的基础上,利用对Ergun型方程进行无量纲化的方法,确定了石英砂滤层的流态分区。根据多孔介质流体流动特性,给出了经验系数的计算公式,并进行了试验验证。在此基础上,对清洁压降变化规律进行了分析,探讨了最有效的过滤速度和最有效清洁压降计算方法,构建了过滤效果函数,用过滤效果函数计算了最有效过滤速度与最有效阻力压降,得出2种滤层最有效的过滤速度分别为0.018 7 m/s和0.020 7 m/s,相应的最有效清洁压降分别为3 760 Pa和4 202 Pa。     

Calibration of Gypsum Blocks for Measuring Saline Soils Moisture

The proper management of irrigation requires an accurate measuring of soil moisture. One of the commonly applied methods for measuring soil moisture is the use of gypsum blocks – a method that is simple and quick to apply. However, measuring moisture in saline soils using this method is prone to errors due to the effect of soil salinity on the block. In this study, the effect of different salinities (1, 2, 6, 10, and 18 deci Siemens per meter (dS m^?1) on the measurements of a gypsum block type 5910 A was investigated with two repetitions in random blocks in sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, and corrective functions were obtained using multivariate regression for all soils with different salinity levels. The results showed different trends for measuring the soil moistures for salinities 1–6 dS m^?1 compared with salinities 10–18 dS m^?1, and the corrective functions in salinities 1–6 dS m^?1, which had higher accuracies than those with salinities 10–18 dS m^?1.     

茶树花多糖的修正系数蒽酮-硫酸检测新方法研究

建立一种茶树花多糖含量的修正系数蒽酮-硫酸检测方法。根据质量守恒定律,在普通蒽酮-硫酸检测多糖方法基础上,通过联用离子色谱检测技术,构建蒽酮-硫酸检测新方法的修正系数（f）,实现茶树花多糖检测技术的快捷、准确和客观。研究表明,以半乳糖为标准对照品时修正系数f_半乳糖=2.84,以葡萄糖为标准对照品时修正系数f_葡萄糖=4.49。该方法稳定性好（RSD_葡萄糖=1.7%,RSD_半乳糖=1.0%）、精密度高（RSD_葡萄糖=1.4%,RSD_半乳糖=2.0%）、重复性强（RSD_葡萄糖=3.2%,RSD_半乳糖=2.5%）及加标回收率佳（回收率_葡萄糖=91.3%~104.1%,回收率_半乳糖=95.9%~104.4%）。用新方法测得3产地茶树花多糖含量分别为10.30%、10.07%及9.99%,高于常规蒽酮-硫酸法检测茶树花多糖值。茶树花多糖中单糖组分分析表明,以半乳糖为标准对照品检测茶树花多糖较好。     

山区经济发展与生态环境耦合机制研究——以河北省平山县为例

经济发展对生态环境的影响及其反馈机理是当前地理学、环境科学等相关学科共同的研究热点,山区作为生态环境保护屏障重点区域与经济发展之间的矛盾尤为突出。以河北省平山县为研究对象,通过定性与定量分析相结合的方法建立了耦合系统的评价指标体系,运用灰色关联分析法构建出平山县经济发展与生态环境交互作用的关联度模型和耦合度模型,定量揭示出影响山区经济发展与生态环境系统耦合的主要因素,并从时空角度分析了区域耦合度的空间分布及演变规律。结果表明:经济发展与生态环境系统要素之间的耦合是复杂的,总体上表现在经济发展对生态环境的胁迫作用和生态环境对经济发展的约束作用两个方面;平山县经济发展与生态环境耦合度总体处于拮颃阶段,时间上呈逐年增加的趋势,空间上呈现东、中、西空间分异规律。研究结果为中国山区经济发展与生态环境的协调发展提供决策参考。     

Estimating nocturnal ecosystem respiration from the vertical turbulent flux and change in storage of CO2

Micrometeorological measurements of nighttime ecosystem respiration can be systematically biased when stable atmospheric conditions lead to drainage flows associated with decoupling of air flow above and within plant canopies. The associated horizontal and vertical advective fluxes cannot be measured using instrumentation on the single towers typically used at micrometeorological sites. A common approach to minimize bias is to use a threshold in friction velocity, u_*, to exclude periods when advection is assumed to be important, but this is problematic in situations when in-canopy flows are decoupled from the flow above. Using data from 25 flux stations in a wide variety of forest ecosystems globally, we examine the generality of a novel approach to estimating nocturnal respiration developed by van Gorsel et al. (van Gorsel, E., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H.A., Keith, H., Suni, T., 2007. Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to the u_*-threshold filtering technique. Tellus 59B, 397–403, Tellus, 59B, 307-403). The approach is based on the assumption that advection is small relative to the vertical turbulent flux (F_C) and change in storage (F_S) of CO₂ in the few hours after sundown. The sum of F_C and F_S reach a maximum during this period which is used to derive a temperature response function for ecosystem respiration. Measured hourly soil temperatures are then used with this function to estimate respiration R_Rmax. The new approach yielded excellent agreement with (1) independent measurements using respiration chambers, (2) with estimates using ecosystem light-response curves of F_c + F_s extrapolated to zero light, R_LRC, and (3) with a detailed process-based forest ecosystem model, R_cast. At most sites respiration rates estimated using the u_*-filter, R_ust, were smaller than R_Rmax and R_LRC. Agreement of our approach with independent measurements indicates that R_Rmax provides an excellent estimate of nighttime ecosystem respiration.     

Overstory vegetation influence nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon flux from the atmosphere to the forest floor: Boreal Plain,Canada

Nitrate, ammonium, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and flux were measured for one year in bulk deposition and throughfall from three stand types (upland deciduous, upland conifer and wetland conifer) on the Boreal Plain, Canada. Annual (November 2006 to October 2007 water year) flux rates in bulk deposition were 80, 216, 114 and 410 mg N m⁻² for nitrate, ammonium, DON and TDN, respectively, and 3.5 g C m⁻² for DOC. The nitrate and ammonium flux in throughfall were approximately 50% of the flux in bulk deposition, while TDN flux in throughfall was 60–74% of the flux in bulk deposition. The DOC flux in throughfall was approximately 2 times greater than DOC flux in bulk deposition, while there was no detectable difference in DON flux. The forest canopy generally had the most impact on throughfall chemistry during the active growing season as compared with the dormant season, although DOC concentrations in throughfall of deciduous stands was highest during autumn. For the upland stands, TDN flow-weighted mean concentrations in the snowpack were not detectably different from the concentrations in throughfall and bulk deposition throughout the rest of the year. However, ammonium concentrations were lower and DON concentrations were higher in the snowpack than in either throughfall or bulk deposition for the other seasons, suggesting some transformation of ammonium to DON within the snowpack.