Fixation of carbon dioxide by chemoautotrophic bacteria in grassland soil under dark conditions

Grassland is one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. However, while CO₂ fixation by phototrophic bacteria is relatively well studied, little is known about microbial CO₂ fixation without light by chemoautotrophic bacteria in grassland soils. Therefore, in this study, the isotope ¹⁴C-CO₂ was used to investigate the CO₂-fixing process in grassland soils. Soil samples were collected from both fenced and adjacent continuous grazing grassland sites in Inner Mongolia and then incubated for 120 days under dark conditions. Meanwhile, the cbbL genes (red- and green-like) were analyzed to isolate chemoautotrophic bacteria, which are responsible for CO₂ fixation. After incubation, ¹⁴C was fixed into soil organic carbon (¹⁴C-SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (¹⁴C-MBC) were found in both the fenced and grazing soils, and the fixation rate of ¹⁴C-SOC in the fenced soils (48.55‰) was significantly higher than in the grazing soils (22.11‰). The fixation rate of ¹⁴C-MBC in the fenced soils (14.05‰) was higher than in the grazing soils (7.08‰), but the difference was not significant. The red-like cbbL genes could be detected in all the soil samples, but the green-like cbbL genes could not be amplified. A greater number of identified operational taxonomic units were observed in the fenced soils compared with the grazing soils. The chemoautotrophic bacteria were mainly affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. However, Chloroflexi was detected in only the fenced soils. The results suggested that CO₂ fixation by chemoautotrophic bacteria might be significant in carbon cycling in grassland.     

大气环境对育肥猪舍内颗粒物浓度的影响

2014年10月-2015年8月,以北京昌平某猪场3栋育肥猪舍为例,在猪舍内外设置监测点,对猪舍内外空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物（PM2.5）、≤10μm的颗粒物（PM10）和≤100μm的颗粒物（TSP）浓度进行周年监测,并将舍外监测数据与昌平国家环境监测数据进行比较分析,以研究探讨大气环境颗粒物浓度对育肥猪舍内环境的影响。试验结果表明,试验期间舍内外PM2.5浓度的变化范围分别为23～245μgm^-3和11～372μgm^-3,PM10浓度变化范围分别为113～1182μgm^-3和25～444μgm^-3,TSP浓度变化范围分别为334～4396μgm^-3和31～742μgm^-3。育肥猪舍内PM10和TSP浓度远高于猪舍外,说明育肥猪舍内PM2.5浓度受大气环境的影响,而育肥猪舍内粒径大于2.5μm的颗粒物主要源于养殖生产活动。     

Bimodal grain-size distribution of Chinese loess, and its palaeoclimatic implications

Grain-size analysis indicates that Chinese loess generally shows a bimodal distribution with a coarse and a fine component. The coarse component, comprising the main part of the loess, has pronounced kurtosis and is well sorted, which is interpreted to be the product of dust storms generated by low-altitude northwesterly winds. Its grain-size reflects the strength of the low-altitude circulation in the dust seasons of the year, and its percentage provides an indicator of the source area aridity and the frequency of dust storms. Conversely, the fine component has a wide grain-size range and is poorly sorted. Sedimentary illustrations based on the grain-size distribution characteristics of bulk samples and of detrital quartz suggest that the fine component probably represents the background dust load of the atmosphere and is mainly transported by high-altitude westerly airstreams. Its grain-size provides an estimate of the westerly air stream intensity. The coarse and fine components of a loess sample can be mathematically separated by fitting a designated mathematical distribution function to the measured grain-size data, and this procedure constitutes an approach for reconstructing the palaeowind system of Northern China.     

中国土壤水蚀区环境背景因子分析

土壤侵蚀的产生是在一定的环境背景上的 ,但各环境因子的作用是不同的。在合理地选取环境背景因子与样本层的基础上 ,以GIS为技术支撑 ,采用等级打分的方法 ,运用因子分析 ,选取环境背景因子 ,从而对环境因子进行分析     

输油管道集成自力式压力调节站

输油管道的大落差段有特殊的水力状态,设置压力调节站是适应这种水力状态而广泛采用的技术。介绍了一种自行研制的集成自力式压力调节站。该站由导阀控制,具有压力自动调节、超流自动截断并禁开、温升胀油自动泄压、压力自动开启等多种功能,并且体积小,重量轻,适于在口径较小的管道上应用。着重介绍了其构造、功能、工作原理和实地测试情况。     

提水泵站空流段流量配合问题探讨

通过对水泵性能差异引起的水泵出水量的变化分析,提出了调节级间流量差的小机组流量的确定方法,解决了多级提水泵站空流段的级间流量配合问题。     

陕西百年农业科技发展研究

笔者回顾了陕西百年来不同时期农业科技发展的历史背景与社会环境,分析了陕西农业科技发展的动因与本质、范围与对象、社会需求等内在属性特征;总结了陕西农业科技发展的主要成效,即构建了农业科研技术服务体系、培育推广了技术良种方法、发展了农业产业、形成了农业科技发展的政策人才环境、改变了农业传统观念与生产方式;归纳凝练出陕西农业科技发展的经验启示,即农业科技发展是解决农业诸多矛盾的必然要求、实现农业现代化的有效途径、构建农业安全的重要举措,同时农业科技发展必须以国家需要、人民需求为根本出发点。指出陕西农业科技发展中成果转化率不高、体制机制僵化、省级支持不够、基层人员结构不合理等问题,提出通过“科研面向需求”、设立省级基金、开展农技有偿服务、扩大农技部门人事权限、发挥各类市场主体作用来解决问题,推动全省农业科技持续稳步发展。     

基于自动气象站的乡镇级灾害风险区划初探

以宁夏海原县干旱灾害风险区划为例,利用12个区域站和1个大监站气象观测资料,综合考虑孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体和抗灾能力,采用AHP层次分析法赋权重,并将信息栅格化后使用ArcGIS进行重采样、插值及栅格计算,实现250 m格网分辨率的海原县干旱灾害风险区划。结果表明：海城、关桥和甘城3镇为干旱灾害风险高风险区,而保灌率较高的七营、郑旗、李旺和降水量大的关庄为干旱灾害的低发区。此研究为海原县城的迁移提供了佐证,也为海原县未来农业产业结构调整和远景规划提供了技术支撑。     

Marker‐assisted backcross breeding to combine multiple rust resistance in wheat

A widely grown but rust susceptible Indian wheat variety HD2932 was improved for multiple rust resistance by marker‐assisted transfer of genes Lr19, Sr26 and Yr10. Foreground and background selection processes were practised to transfer targeted genes with the recovery of the genome of HD2932. The near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of HD2932 carrying Lr19, Sr26 and Yr10 were individually produced from two backcrosses with recurrent parent HD2932. Marker‐assisted background selection of NILs with 94.38–98.46% of the HD2932 genome facilitated rapid recovery of NILs carrying Lr19, Sr26 and Yr10. In the BC₂F₂ generation, NILs were intercrossed and two gene combinations of Lr19+Yr10, Sr26 + Yr10 and Lr19+Sr26 were produced. A total of 16 progeny of two gene combinations of homozygous NILs of HD2932 have been produced, which are under seed increase for facilitating the replacement of the susceptible HD2932 with three of the sixteen improved backcross lines with resistance to multiple rusts.     

新一代温室气体排放情景下安徽省未来气候变化预估分析

基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布的新一代排放情景,和中国气象局发布的"中国地区气候变化预估数据集V3.0",针对安徽省,笔者选择1971—2000年作为基准期,采用区域气候模式模拟的方法,对比分析安徽省未来气候变化特征,重点评估近期内即未来20年气候变化趋势。模拟结果显示,未来20年不同情景下安徽省平均气温均为上升,全省平均增温幅度约0.9~1.1℃;而降水量变化具有不同特征,较低排放情景下降水量以上升为主,高排放情景则以下降为主。到2050s全省平均气温相比于基准期将升高1.6~1.7℃,升温幅度呈现北高南低的特征;全省降水量相比于基准期将下降50~90 mm,各地降水量均呈下降趋势。另外,通过对降水和气温的模拟,预估未来该地区旱涝演替更加频繁,高温热浪等事件也将进一步频发。