稳定性~(15)N示踪技术在农业氮肥利用中的应用

[目的]氮肥在农业中占有重要的地位,因此植物氮素的营养学研究日益受到重视。了解稳定性~(15)N示踪技术应用于氮素的分配、积累及氮素利用率情况。了解稳定性~(15)N示踪技术在农业氮肥利用中的应用,为提高氮肥利用率、实现生态农业可持续发展提供必要的理论支持。[方法]利用文献资料概述稳定性~(15)N示踪技术在小麦、水稻、烟草、果树、豆科作物上的应用,着重论述氮素吸收、利用、分配的研究现状。[结果]稳定性~(15)N示踪技术是研究氮素营养吸收规律的一种方便、快捷、灵活的方法之一,在科学施肥、植物营养、农用化学物质残留等农业方面已被广泛应用。[结论]今后,应将稳定性~(15)N示踪技术应将更多的应用到农业、环境、生物食品学领域,拓宽稳定性同位素的应用范围,并建立和完善相关的同位素定量化解析模型,提高测定位同位素的准确性。     

地膜覆盖与施肥对秸秆碳氮在土壤中固存的影响

[目的]作物秸秆不仅含有较高的有机碳,而且含有丰富的矿质营养元素.秸秆还田是东北黑土地区培肥土壤和农业可持续发展的重要技术措施.然而不同地膜覆盖(简称"覆膜")及施肥方式下秸秆碳(C)和氮(N)在土壤中的固持特征还不是很明确.本研究通过定量分析秸秆碳对土壤有机碳(SOC)和秸秆氮对土壤全氮(TN)的贡献,探讨不同覆膜和...     

炔草酯的控草效果和对油菜田间光照、养分、水分及 产量的影响

为明确15%炔草酯WP在油菜田的应用前景,建立油菜田的杂草管理体系,研究了不同开沟深度、不同时期施用15%炔草酯WP对油菜田杂草的控制作用以及炔草酯与其他药剂混用的效果,同时研究了该药剂对田间光照、养分、水分和油菜产量的影响。结果表明,开深沟有利于药效的发挥。在禾本科杂草处于1～2叶期时进行药剂处理,一般可以获得比较理想的除草效果。炔草酯与草除灵混用对禾本科杂草和双子叶杂草都具有良好的防除效果。施用15%炔草酯WP能显著提高油菜田间的透光率,降低杂草对田间养分和水分的吸收。15%炔草酯WP的施用对油菜株高、千粒重没有显著影响,但对油菜第一分枝高度、单株分枝数、角果数影响较大,能显著提高油菜产量。     

Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

基于15N示踪技术的干旱区滴灌葡萄氮素利用分析

为研究水氮调控对干旱区滴灌葡萄氮素吸收利用的影响,以新疆鲜食葡萄弗雷为试验材料,利用¹⁵N 示踪技术,设置2种灌水处理(灌水量为4 950、5 400 m³·hm^-2,分别记作W1、W2),3种施氮处理(施氮量为177、235、292 kg·hm^-2,分别记作F1、F2、F3)进行大田试验。结果表明,各处理土壤全氮含量和¹⁵N丰度差异极显著(P<0.01),并且在0~20 cm土层出现富集现象。各器官征调氮素能力随水氮投入加大极显著增强(P<0.01)。根系、茎秆、叶片器官的生物量随着吸氮量的增加极显著提高(P<0.01),而较高施氮量(F3)不利于果实器官生物量的积累。果树吸收的肥料氮量随水氮投入的加大逐渐增加,受水氮调控影响极显著(P<0.01),果树吸收的土壤氮量大于肥料氮量。W2F1的¹⁵N标记氮肥利用率和¹⁵N标记氮肥偏生产力最高,分别为38.36%和114.20 kg·kg^-1,W2F2的产量最高,为20 253 kg·hm^-2,但与W2F1差异不显著。表明水氮投入过多会引起茎秆和叶片器官徒长且不利于提高¹⁵N标记氮肥利用率。综上所述,灌水量5 400 m³·hm^-2、施氮量177 kg·hm^-2(W2F1)是兼顾经济效益与生态效应的可行水氮运筹模式。本研究结果为干旱区滴灌葡萄高产高效种植提供了参考。     

抗旱新品种沧麦15丰产性、稳产性、适应性分析

为了全面了解小麦新品种沧麦15的生产特性,以2 a的区域生产试验产量结果为依据,通过产量、变异系数、高稳系数和回归系数分别对参试品种丰产性、稳定性和适应性进行比较、分析。结果表明：沧麦15表现为较好的丰产性、稳定性和适应性,通过抗性鉴定沧麦15表现为较好的抗旱性,是一个比较理想的高产冬小麦新品种。     

优质高产抗病中粳新品种泗稻15号的选育及应用

泗稻15号系江苏省农业科学院宿迁农科所最新选育的中熟中粳新品种,具有综合性状好、后期转色快、抗病性强、米质优等特点,于2016年5月通过江苏省审定。本文介绍了泗稻15号的选育过程、品种特征及高产栽培技术要点。     

Kruppel样因子15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制

Kruppel样因子15(KLF15)是一种新发现的Kruppel样因子家族(KLFs)成员,为一种真核锌指蛋白转录因子。KLF15在动物体内呈现多组织表达特性,该基因过表达能促进动物脂肪沉积,且能影响肉质性状候选基因和Ⅰ型肌纤维基因的表达。因此,深入研究KLF15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制,将为改善动物肉品质提供新的思路。本文综述了KLF15的发现、结构特征、表达规律及其与脂肪沉积和Ⅰ型肌纤维之间的关系。     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.