Immunomodulatory effect of γ‐irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides on immunosuppressed broilers

In this study, we irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) using 25 kGy ⁶⁰Co γ ray to obtain γ‐irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides (IAPS) and then investigated the effects of IAPS on growth performance and immune function of cyclophosphamide (CPM)‐treated broilers. The physicochemical properties of APS and IAPS (molecular weight, water solubility, viscosity, morphological and structural properties) were evaluated. Then, 384 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres broiler chicks with similar initial weight were randomly assigned into 6 groups: the non‐treated group (control), and CPM‐treated groups were fed either a basal diet or the diets containing 900 mg/kg APS, or 900, 600, 300 mg/kg IAPS, respectively. On days 16, 18, and 20, all broilers except for the control group were intramuscularly injected with 0.5 ml CPM (40 mg/kg·BW). Broilers in the control group were intramuscularly injected with 0.5 ml sterilized saline (0.75%, wt/vol). This trial lasted for 21 days. The physicochemical treatment showed that γ irradiation could decrease the molecular weight and viscosity, and increase the water solubility of APS (p < 0.05), whereas the structural properties of APS was not affected. In the animal trial, 900 mg/kg APS or 900, 600 mg/kg IAPS relieved the decreased growth performance, thymus index, T lymphocytes proliferation, serum IgG concentration, NOS activity and the increased blood heterophil:lymphocyte ratio in CPM‐treated broilers (p < 0.05). CPM‐induced decreases in B lymphocytes proliferation and serum IgM concentration were only increased by IAPS at 900 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Overall, both APS and IAPS alleviated CPM‐induced immunosuppression. Especially, IAPS possessed better immunomodulatory effect than APS, indicating that γ irradiation could be used as an effective method to enhance the immunomodulatory activity of APS.     

Influence of Bcl-2 inhibitor on Astragalus injection-reduced expression of caspase-3 in rat hippocampal neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation

AIM: To observe the influence of Bcl-2 inhibitor on the expression of caspase-3 reduced by Astra-galus injection in rat hippocampal neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). METHODS: The primary rat hippocampal neurons cultured in vitro for 8 d were chosen and randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, model group (OGD/R group), Astragalus injection group, Astragalus injection solvent (sterile deionized water)group, Bcl-2 inhibitor group and Bcl-2 inhibitor with Astragalus injection group. The cells in all groups were tested 24 h after they were treated with reoxygenation after deprived of oxygen and glucose for 30 min except normal control group. The cell type and rate of positive cells were observed by immunohistochemistry. The protein levels of Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 in the hippocampal neurons were measured by Western blotting. The mRNA expression of caspase-3 was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Compared with normal control group, the caspase-3 positive rate of the cells, the protein levels of Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3, and the mRNA expression of caspase-3 in model group enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with model group, the expression of Bcl-2 in Astragalus injection group obviously enhanced, while the caspase-3 positive rate of the cells, the protein level of cleaved caspase-3 and the mRNA expression of caspase-3 in the Astragalus injection group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). No significant difference in injection solvent group, Bcl-2 inhibitor group and Bcl-2 inhibitor with Astragalus injection group was observed (P > 0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 was decreased sharply in Bcl-2 inhibitor group and Bcl-2 inhibitor with Astragalus injection group. CONCLUSION: Bcl-2 inhibitor antagonizes the inhibitory effect of Astragalus injection on caspase-3 expression in rat hippocamal neurons with OGD/R, which may be one of the possible target for the inhibitory action of Astragalus injection on the apoptosis of rat hippocampal neurons induced by OGD/R.     

几种中草药饲料添加剂对黄鳝免疫功能和生长性能的影响

将300尾13～17g的健康黄鳝(Monopterus albus)随机分为1个对照组和4个试验组,每组3个重复,试验组分别饲喂添加有茯苓、五加皮、黄芪以及这3种中药的混合物的饲料。经30d饲养后,结果表明,茯苓、黄芪及五加皮可使黄鳝血液白细胞的吞噬活性、血清的溶菌酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著提高(P<0.05);同时,五加皮、黄芪、茯苓及这3种中药的混合物均对黄鳝增重有显著促进作用(P<0.05),其中五加皮对黄鳝的增重最为明显。     

不同产地黄芪饮片中多糖及甲苷含量比较

黄芪是常用补气药之一,黄芪多糖和黄芪甲苷是其发挥药效的物质基础。以黄芪多糖和黄芪甲苷为评价指标,比较甘肃、内蒙古、山西三个不同产地的黄芪饮片的质量差异。结果表明:甘肃黄芪、内蒙古黄芪、山西黄芪的多糖含量分别为22.87%、20.02% 、22.29%;甘肃黄芪的黄芪甲苷含量最高,为0.049%;其次是山西黄芪,黄芪甲苷含量为0.026%,内蒙古黄芪中黄芪甲苷含量最低,仅为0.002 7%。仅有甘肃黄芪的甲苷含量测定结果符合药典标准。分析认为药材生长年限是导致内蒙古黄芪与甘肃黄芪、山西黄芪甲苷含量之间差异较大的主要原因。该研究为黄芪种植、资源开发及合理使用提供参考依据。     

低聚壳聚糖植物生长调节剂对黄芪生长及次生代谢产物的影响

[目的]研究低聚壳聚糖植物生长调节剂对黄芪生长及次生代谢物的影响。[方法]利用不同浓度低聚壳聚糖植物生长调节剂对黄芪进行叶面施肥,观察其对黄芪生长情况及次生代谢产物黄芪甲苷、黄芪多糖含量的影响。[结果]适宜浓度的低聚壳聚糖植物生长调节剂能促进黄芪植株及根系的生长,且苗和根粗壮,须根极少。根施叶喷组及根施拌种组的黄芪所含黄芪多糖及黄芪甲苷的含量明显高于空白对照组,说明低聚壳聚糖植物生长调节剂较显著地促进了黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷含量的提高。[结论]对揭示低聚壳聚糖植物生长调节剂对活性成分的累积效应形成和积累机制,以完善中药材质量调控与药用植物栽培的理论和技术体系及建立优质黄芪的规范化栽培技术,对促进中药材规范化的优良种植都具有重要的价值和意义。     

绿肥作物紫云英研究进展

紫云英作为一种绿肥作物,有改善土壤理化性状、增加土壤微生物数量和多样性及提高土壤肥力的作用。本文概述中国紫云英主要种质资源,总结紫云英种植模式与栽培技术要点、还田腐解特征及其还田后对土壤地力和后茬作物的影响,以期为紫云英的合理利用和农田养分的科学管理提供参考依据。     

冬种紫云英与稻草还田对双季水稻产量和土壤性状的互作效应

通过2年田间试验,旨在明确冬种紫云英和稻草还田对双季水稻产量和土壤性状的互作效应。结果表明:稻草还田和冬种紫云英对2013年早晚稻产量均无显著影响,二者亦无显著的互作效应。稻草还田对2014年早晚稻产量无显著影响。稻草还田和冬种紫云英对2014年早稻产量的互作效应接近达到显著水平(P=0.090)。冬种紫云英显著提高了2014年早稻的产量和生物量,但是对晚稻影响不显著。冬种紫云英显著增加了2014年早稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数,对2014年晚稻有效穗数的影响接近达到显著水平(P=0.055)。试验进行2年后,冬种紫云英显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤总孔隙度。稻草还田显著提高了土壤pH,而冬种紫云英降低了稻草还田对土壤pH的提升效应。冬种紫云英和稻草还田对土壤有机碳、总氮和碱解氮含量均无显著影响。稻草还田显著增加了土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量,提高了土壤纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性,但冬种紫云英无显著影响。冬种紫云英和稻草还田对土壤速效磷含量和纤维素酶活性具有显著的协同促进效应。     

紫云英与化肥配施对双季稻产量及氮钾平衡的影响

采用7年定位大田试验,研究紫云英与化肥配施对双季稻种植制度下水稻产量,产量构成因素,植株氮、钾吸收量及种植体系中氮、钾平衡的影响。结果表明:紫云英与化肥合理配施可提高早、晚稻产量,80%化肥与20%紫云英配施(20%GM)处理的增产效果最佳,早、晚稻两季总产较施100%化肥(100%CF)处理增产8.3%,其次为60%化肥配施40%紫云英(40%GM)处理,增产6.0%;有效穗和每穗实粒数增加是水稻增产的主要原因。紫云英与化肥合理配施可促进早、晚稻对氮素和钾素的吸收,20%GM和40%GM早、晚稻稻谷和稻草的氮素、钾素积累量均较100%CF的高。100%CF、20%GM和40%GM的氮素表观平衡为盈余。所有处理的钾素表观平衡均呈亏缺状态,其中40%GM的钾素亏缺量最大,其次为20%GM。综合考虑作物产量效应、养分吸收利用及土壤肥力维持,在该区域双季稻种植体系中,紫云英所积累的氮、钾素量可替代20%~40%的化学氮、钾素量。     

水分胁迫对蒙古黄芪生理特性的影响

研究了蒙古黄芪在水分胁迫条件下其保护酶系统(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)、丙二醛、超氧阴离子、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸的变化。结果表明,3种处理下SOD活性上升规律相似,其活性大小为重度干旱(SD)中度干旱(MD)适宜对照(CK);MD和SD中CAT活性在胁迫初期不断升高后期开始降低,POD和APX活性初期缓慢升高后期大幅升高。MD和SD中超氧阴离子在后期开始升高且升高幅度高于CK。丙二醛含量初期和后期都有较大降幅。可溶性蛋白在胁迫初期显著升高,后期SD中可溶性蛋白含量变化较大。SD中脯氨酸含量积累明显。研究结果认为,在外部环境变化后,蒙古黄芪的保护酶系统和渗透调节物质会发生变化以适应外部环境,维持植株的正常生理代谢,具有较强的耐旱能力。     

安疫肽、肽好、高免多糖对雏鸡免疫功能的影响试验研究

对免疫新城疫、法氏囊和处于免疫抑制状态的雏鸡使用安疫肽(Compound amino acid solution,VESPRO solution)(饮水、注射)、肽好(Immunoglobulin powder,IG powder)(饮水)、高免多糖(Astragalus Polysaccharide powder,APS powder)(饮水),测定新城疫免疫、法氏囊免疫后的各免疫学指标、抗体水平、白细胞介素产生及免疫抑制鸡群白细胞介素产生、抗体水平。结果表明,肽好组、安疫肽饮水组对脾脏、法氏囊、胸腺的发育有较显著的影响,其中安疫肽饮水使用效果最佳,高免多糖有提高法氏囊指数的作用。安疫肽、肽好、高免多糖均对提高抗体水平较好,安疫肽饮水、注射及高免多糖,均能在提高抗体水平的基础上提高整齐度。