我国花生土壤黄曲霉菌分布与产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染相关性研究

为了解我国花生土壤黄曲霉分布及产毒特征与产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染相关性,本试验从我国4个典型花生产区黄河流域产区(河北保定)、西北产区(新疆吐鲁番)、长江流域产区(湖北黄冈、四川南充)和东南沿海产区(广东湛江)采集花生土壤样品124份。通过对我国不同产区花生土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布及产毒特征研究,评估我国不同产区花生黄曲霉毒素污染风险。结果表明,湖北黄冈和四川南充土壤中黄曲霉检出率、带菌量和黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)量均高于其他地区,产后花生受AFB₁污染风险最高,其次为广东湛江和新疆吐鲁番,河北保定花生受AFB₁污染风险最低。从上述4个产区收集64份花生样品开展产后花生AFB₁污染调查,发现湖北黄冈花生AFB₁污染情况最严重,检出率为57%,超标率为10%,其次为四川南充和广东湛江,新疆吐鲁番和河北保定花生受AFB₁污染较轻。风险评估结果与实际检测结果一致,表明花生土壤中黄曲霉菌数量、产毒菌比例及产毒能力与产后花生AFB₁污染呈正相关性。本研究结果为花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警及综合防控提供了理论依据和数据支撑。     

毛竹根际新黑曲霉的解磷特性及促生作用

[目的]探究毛竹根际微生物新黑曲霉(Aspergillus neoniger)JXBR16对土壤难溶性磷酸盐的溶磷作用及对毛竹的促生效果。[方法]采用液体发酵培养法研究该菌株对Ca_3(PO_4)_2、CaHPO_4、FePO_4、AlPO_4和植酸钙等5种难溶性磷酸盐的溶解能力及碳源、氮源、pH、装液量和盐离子等因素对其解磷能力的影响;并采用温室盆栽法评价该菌株对毛竹实生幼苗的促生作用。[结果]表明,新黑曲霉对5种难溶性磷酸盐均具有较好的溶解能力,其中对FePO_4、CaHPO_4的溶解能力最佳,解磷量分别达3 208.31和3 027.09 mg·L~(-1);在碳源为蔗糖或葡萄糖、氮源为硫酸铵、初始pH值3.5、装液量2/5、温度25℃和盐离子浓度为0～1.0 g·L~(-1)条件下新黑曲霉的解磷能力最佳。施用该菌株180 d后毛竹根际土壤有效磷和矿质氮分别提高37%和41%,植株根、茎和叶磷含量分别提高了95%、102%和43%;毛竹地径、苗高和生物量分别比对照显著提高了44%、47%和50%。[结论]新黑曲霉能够有效增强南方红壤区毛竹林土壤磷的供给,促进植株养分吸收利用,并提高毛竹的生长,具有应用于竹林生物菌肥研制和开发的巨大潜力。     

Cellulase production by Aspergillus unguis in solid state fermentation

Lignocellulosic substrates are a good carbon source and provide rich growth media for a variety of microorganisms which prodLuce industrially important enzymes. Cellulases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes such as filter paperase (FPase), carboxymethyl cellulase(CMCase) andβ-glucosidase-responsible for release of sugars in the bioconversion of the lignocellulosic biomass into a variety of value-added products. This study examined cellulase production by a newly isolated Aspergillus unguis on individual lignocellulosic substrates in solid state fermentation (SSF). The maximum peak production of enzymes varied from one substrate to another, however,based on the next best solid support and local availability of groundnut fodder supported maximum enzyme yields compared with other solid supports used in this study.Groundnut fodder supported significant production of FPase (5.9 FPU/g of substrate), CMCase (1.1 U/g of substrate) andβ-glucosidase activity (6.5 U/g of substrate) in SSF. Considerable secretion of protein (27.0 mg/g of substrate) on groundnut fodder was recorded. Constant increment of protein content in groundnut fodder due to cultivation of A. unguis is an interesting observation and it has implications for the improvement of nutritive value of groundnut fodder for cattle.     

利用泡盛曲霉产阿魏酸酯酶的研究

阿魏酸酯酶能水解多糖阿魏酸酯中的酯键,使阿魏酸游离出来。以麦麸、蔗渣、玉米皮作为碳源,采用3株泡盛曲霉(分别为40180、40384、2437)进行固体发酵,研究了产阿魏酸酯酶的活性(以去淀粉麦麸作为酶解底物)。结果表明,泡盛曲霉40180的产酶活力最高。其最佳培养基组分为:麦麸:蔗渣2:1(W:W),4%(NH4)2SO4,0.23%CuSO4,固液比1:1,在温度28℃下发酵3 d,酶活达到高峰(0.0679 U/g)。     

黑曲霉葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

[目的]分离能水解獐牙菜苦苷的胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶,并研究其分子量、最适催化温度、最适pH、稳定性及催化特征。[方法]黑曲霉液体发酵3d,收集培养液,培养液经盐析、柱分离得到1个β-葡萄糖苷酶。[结果]该β-葡萄糖苷酶的分子量为86kD,最适pH为5.0～6.0,最适反应温度为50～60℃,在60℃以下时酶稳定;Ca2＋、Zn2＋、Fe3＋和Cu2＋能抑制β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,而Mg2＋和Mn2＋能够激活β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性;纤维二糖是该β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适催化底物。[结论]该酶和大多数真菌来源黑曲霉相似,对獐牙菜苦苷的亲和性弱,对ρ-NPG的亲和力强。     

黑曲霉高产纤维素酶菌株的高通量筛选

以黑曲霉GSICC 60108为出发菌株,经紫外和电子束诱变处理后,采用纤维素-刚果红平板初筛和新建立的高通量微孔板法进行复筛以获得高产纤维素酶菌株.结果表明:试验得到1株稳定高产的纤维素酶菌株黑曲霉EBR-106;所建立的复筛方法的标准曲线在葡萄糖质量浓度为0～10 mg/mL的范围内线性良好(r=0.999 75)...     

紫外线诱变黑曲霉提高产酶活力的研究(英文)

[目的]选育高产纤维素酶生产菌。[方法]以一株黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)为出发菌株,经过紫外线(UV)诱变处理,选育出一株纤维素酶高产菌株生产菌。[结果]在适宜的条件下,选育得到的菌株2(15)产CMC活力最强,与出发菌株相比提高了近50%。[结论]今后应用于饲料生产中提供基础。     

Ear rot,aflatoxin accumulation,and fungal biomass in maize after inoculation with Aspergillus flavus

Aflatoxin, a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries, occurs naturally in maize (Zea mays L.). Aflatoxin is a potent human carcinogen and is also toxic to livestock, pets, and wildlife. When contaminated with aflatoxin, the value of maize grain is markedly reduced. This investigation was conducted to compare ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass in maize single crosses with varying degrees of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation and to determine the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the inheritance of resistance to ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass. Eight germplasm lines with different levels of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation were used as parents of a diallel cross. The cross was evaluated for visible ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and A. flavus infection in the grain. A. flavus infection was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Both GCA and SCA were significant sources of variation in the inheritance of the three traits although GCA accounted for a greater portion of the variation among single crosses. The interactions of GCA and SCA with years were highly significant for aflatoxin accumulation, but not significant for A. flavus infection. Estimates of GCA effects were highly significant for both reduced A. flavus infection and reduced aflatoxin accumulation for Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717. Conversely, GCA effects associated with GA209 were significant for reduced levels of A. flavus infection and ear rot, but high levels of aflatoxin accumulation. Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717 should be useful in breeding programs targeting both reduced levels of fungal infection and aflatoxin accumulation.     

一株扁座壳孢的分离及其胞外代谢产物对黄曲霉的抑制效果研究

研究座壳孢抗旱菌株Jos009的胞外代谢产物对食品污染菌黄曲霉的抗菌活性。利用体视显微镜观察子座的形状和颜色,以及通过切片方法获得各菌孢子大小和侧丝长度的详细数据来鉴定该菌株。提取Jos009的胞外代谢产物,并利用滤纸片法测定该菌胞外代谢产物对黄曲霉菌的抑制作用。从福建省建瓯市柑桔园采集到一株座壳孢菌株Jos009,通过分析其子座形态和分生孢子、侧丝等数据,可以鉴定Jos009是扁座壳孢（Aschersonia placeta Berk.et Br.）。其胞外代谢产物能明显抑制黄曲霉菌的生长,抑菌圈直径达17 mm。该菌在控制黄曲霉方面有良好的应用潜力,进一步研究很有可能从中分离到具有抑制黄曲霉的活性物质,将为防控黄曲霉菌污染,保障民生,提供候选药物资源。     

New asperxanthone and asperbiphenyl from the marine fungus Aspergillus sp

BACKGROUND: Marine fungi are of great importance as potential sources of agricultural pesticide leads. To continue work on new and biologically active metabolites from marine fungi, culture extracts of selected isolates were screened for inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a typical member of the tobamovirus group of plant viruses. RESULTS: A new difuranxanthone, asperxanthone (1), and a new biphenyl, asperbiphenyl (2), as well as seven known unsaturated fatty acid glycerol esters, were isolated from a selected marine fungus, identified as Aspergillus sp. (MF-93), collected in the Quan-Zhou Gulf. Two-dimensional NMR methods and FAB-MS established the structures of the new compounds. Among the compounds, 1 and 2 showed moderate activity (inhibitory rates 62.9 and 35.5% respectively) in inhibiting multiplication of TMV, higher than that of the other seven known lipids but much lower than that of the extract at the identical concentration of 0.2 mg mL(-1). CONCLUSION: Two new compounds, asperxanthone and asperbiphenyl, were identified as active components from Aspergillus sp. (MF-93).