Biology,incidence and host susceptibility of Pineus boerneri (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Colombian pine plantations

Adelgids (Hemiptera) in the genus Pineus have been reported as introduced insect pests causing serious losses to Pinus plantations worldwide. In 2008, Pineus boerneri was recorded for the first time in Colombia, with infestations noted on Pinus kesiya, P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. oocarpa. The lack of information on this insect in Colombia prompted investigations of its life cycle and infestation levels as well as host susceptibility of the main Pinus species planted in Colombia. In addition, the possibility of using a Ceraeochrysa species, an already established predator of adelgids in Colombia, for biological control was considered. Results showed that Pineus boerneri in Colombia has an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instars with a complete duration of between 49 and 97 d. Infestations were higher in the middle and upper part of trees. Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials. A survey of naturally infested trees showed P. tecunumanii to be moderately susceptible, whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field. Investigations considering the impact of predation of Ceraeochrysa species showed a high predation rate of up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per day by a single Ceraeochrysa individual. Other predators of P. boerneri were recorded but were not sufficiently common to warrant detailed study.     

Parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in Iran

The parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, were investigated throughout two far distant provinces, Tehran and Sistan-Baluchestan. Colonies of the cowpea aphid were collected from different host plants and reared under laboratory conditions until the parasitoids emerged. The aphids were parasitized by an expected range of parasitoids. The species were Aphidius colemani Viereck, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay and Eady, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall), Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday), Praon volucre (Haliday) and Ephedrus persicae Froggatt. L. testaceipes is reported here for the first time in Iran. The most common species was L. fabarum followed by B. acalephae and L. confusus. A key is provided for identification and host plant associations are considered.     

肚倍蚜,美灰藓最佳生态条件与肚倍基地建设

肚倍蚜，美灰藓最佳生态条件研究表明，由光照强度、湿度以及风速等因素决定的环境是制约肚倍丰产、稳产的关键；据此对肚倍基地建设提出若干建议。     

Does the mutualism between wood ants (Formica rufa group) and Cinara aphids affect Norway spruce growth?

Ant–aphid mutualisms, in which ants tend aphids, which in turn provide honeydew to the ants, are widespread and have been shown to affect plant growth. In boreal forests the effect of ant–aphid mutualism on tree growth can vary with stand age, because forest clear-cutting harms the ecologically most dominant ant partner in such mutualisms, wood ants (Formica rufa group). We studied whether the mutualism between wood ants and Cinara aphids affects the growth of boreal Norway spruces (Picea abies L. Karst.) in stands of different ages. In boreal forests, conifers, unlike deciduous trees, have only few defoliating insects, and therefore we expected the growth loss of conifers due to sap sucking by aphids not to be compensated by reduced insect herbivory due to predation by wood ants. The study was conducted in medium-fertile spruce-dominated stands in eastern Finland. We used stands of four different age classes (5, 30, 60 and 100 years) and selected ten spruces heavily visited and ten spruces lightly visited by ants around five medium-sized ant mounds in each stand age class. The access of ants was blocked on half of the trees in both groups. In the 5-year-old stands, the mean annual height growth of individual heavily visited seedlings was 16.3% greater than in the ones where ant traffic was blocked, but this difference was not significant. In the 30-year-old stands, the mean annual radial growth of the heavily visited spruces was 7.3% smaller than in trees where ant traffic was blocked, and this difference was significant. The mutualism had no significant effect on the radial growth in the 60- and 100-year-old stands. In the 60-year-old stands, however, the spruces that were visited heavily prior to the beginning of the study grew significantly less relative to their past growth than the initially lightly visited trees during the study. This suggests that the ant–aphid mutualism may have long-term effects on tree growth. The ant–aphid mutualism had no significant effect on the growth at the stand level. The results indicate that ant–aphid mutualism can have a significant effect on the growth of individual spruces, but the effect is negligible at ecosystem level.     

Resistance against oxidative stress in leaves of young beech trees grown in model ecosystems with different soil qualities, elevated CO2, and lachnid infestation

Summary The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the resistance of beech foliage(Fagus sylvatica) against oxidative stress was affected by soil quality, nitrogen or CO₂ fertilisation, or lachnid infestation(Phyllaphis fagi). For this purpose young beech trees were grown for four years in reconstructed calcareous or acidic forest soils in open top chambers under ambient or elevated CO₂ concentrations with two levels of nitrogen fertilisation. At harvest lachnid colonisation was observed, preferentially on leaves from trees in calcareous soil and on leaves from trees fertilised with the high nitrogen level. General leaf characteristics such as pigment concentrations, dry mass, and leaf mass ber area were not affected by the soil type, nitrogen fertilisation or CO₂ regime. Leaves colonised with lachnids displayed slightly increased leaf mass per area. When the stress resistance was challenged by exposure to paraquat — a herbicide inducing oxidative stress — leaves from trees grown on calcareous soil maintained significantly longer membrane integrity and, thus, were better protected against stress than leaves from trees on acidic soil. Other experimental variables had negligible or no effects on the resistance against oxidative stress.      

香菇芦笋复合饮料的研制

利用香菇和芦笋的下脚料加工配制的复合饮料具有香菇和芦笋和芦笋特有的香味,口感纯正,效果很好。     

山西省芦笋木蠹蛾加重发生原因分析与防治对策

随着芦笋产业的发展,芦笋木蠹蛾在山西省危害面积不断扩大,危害程度日趋加重,已成为芦笋产业持续发展的重要障碍因素。为了确保山西省芦笋产业的正常发展,在连续3年观察研究,基本摸清芦笋木蠹蛾在山西的发生消长规律的基础上,对其加重发生原因进行了深入分析,并提出以“扒茧灭蛹、捕捉诱杀成虫、刨土杀虫、留诱集作物”等为主的一套芦笋木蠹蛾无害化防治技术。     

不同玉米品种(系)田间抗蚜性的初步鉴定

采用蚜情指数法,初步鉴定了河南省4个主栽玉米品种和7个自交系的田间抗蚜性.结果表明,不同品种(系)的抗蚜性存在差异,4个主栽品种浚单20、郑单958、良玉88和先玉335对玉米蚜的抗性级别均在“中抗”以上,其中浚单20和郑单958的抗性最强,达“高抗”水平,其次是良玉88;7个自交系中昌7和昌7-2的抗蚜性最强,达“抗虫”或“高抗”水平,齐319的抗性最弱,为“高感”水平.本研究建立了利用抽雄期至灌浆期的蚜情指数代表玉米全生育期蚜情指数的抗蚜性鉴定方法,结果表明在驻马店和郑州两地的鉴定结论基本一致,说明这种方法是可行的.     

泽漆不同溶剂提取物对菜蚜作用方式的研究

为掌握泽漆活性物质的杀虫毒力及作用方式,以泽漆整株为试验材料,用不同溶剂提取活性物质,在室内对菜蚜进行触杀、胃毒、驱避毒力测定.结果表明:泽漆的乙酸乙脂提取物具有较高的触杀活性,其毒力回归方程为y=2.663x -4.529,LC50为50.229 mg/mL、;丙酮提取物则具有较高的胃毒活性,其毒力回归方程为y=1....