不同覆盖方式对中度盐渍土壤的改良增产效应研究

地膜与秸秆覆盖是干旱半干旱地区防治土壤次生盐渍化,提高土壤水分利用效率的重要措施。为探索不同地面覆盖方式在盐渍土壤的应用效应及机理,在内蒙古河套灌区中度含盐土壤进行田间试验,试验共设7个处理:玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量9 000 kg·hm-2(F0.9)、玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量6 000 kg·hm-2(F0.6)、玉米整秆覆盖(YZ)、葵花整秆覆盖(KZ)、新地膜覆盖(DM)、地膜二次使用免耕(MG)、未覆盖(CK),研究不同地面覆盖方式对中度盐渍化向日葵农田的土壤水盐运动、向日葵产量和种植经济效益等影响,分析不同覆盖措施的改良增产效应。结果表明:在0~5 cm土层,处理F0.9、YZ、DM的含盐量收获后较播前降低,土壤表层脱盐,而MG、F0.6、KZ、CK土壤表层积盐。0~20 cm土层,土壤含盐量收获后与播前相比,处理F0.9、DM土壤耕层脱盐,而F0.6、YZ、MG、KZ、CK在土壤耕层积盐。各覆盖处理主要影响0~20 cm的土壤含盐量,随着土壤深度的增加,覆盖层因素对土壤含盐量的影响趋于一致。耕层土壤含盐量相比较,F0.9的含盐量最低,抑盐效果最好,DM与F0.6抑盐效果相近,不同秸秆覆盖处理间,F0.9、F0.6强于YZ、KZ,地膜覆盖之间,DM强于MG。在0~5 cm土层及0~20 cm土层,DM的生育期平均土壤含水率高于秸秆覆盖处理,粉碎秸秆覆盖(F0.9、F0.6)的生育期平均土壤含水率高于整秆秸秆覆盖(YZ、KZ)。处理DM、F0.9较CK显著提高了向日葵生育期内0~100 cm土壤储水量均值,F0.9、DM处理显著降低了0~100 cm土壤储水量变异系数,在生育期内保持了较稳定的土壤墒情。各覆盖处理均较CK显著增产,各处理产量效应是:DMF0.9YZF0.6MGKZCK。覆盖措施通过改善农田小环境提高了作物水分利用效率,DM、F0.9、YZ处理的作物水分利用效率显著高于其他处理。处理DM、MG、YZ、F0.9、F0.6的产投比显著高于CK,增收效果明显,DM和MG的纯收入及产投比显著高于秸秆覆盖处理。对于中度盐渍化耕地,新地膜覆盖DM是最有效的覆盖方式,秸秆覆盖处理中,F0.9为最优覆盖方式,与其他覆盖处理相比较,KZ处理的保墒、抑盐、增产等效果较差,因此向日葵秸秆不适合用作地面覆盖材料。结果可为覆盖技术在内蒙古河套灌区农业生产中的应用提供理论与技术支持。     

基于声学特性的西瓜糖度检测系统

该研究优化了由包裹橡皮的金属小球、压电式加速度传感器、电荷放大器、光电式触发电路、数据采集卡和计算机等组成的西瓜声学特性测试系统。由所获取的声波信号幅值谱计算出声透过率,采用TQ软件中SMLR(逐步多元线性回归)函数选取6个特征频率:752、869、1001、4556、322、3950Hz,由其对应的声透过率值建立了西瓜品质检测的多元线性回归模型。对47个西瓜样本的试验数据分析表明:将敲击点和接收点分别放置在西瓜自然生长状态的中部对侧可获得最佳的测定模型,模型的校正相关系数R、校正均方根误差RMSEC和预测均方根误差RMSEP分别是0.80753、0.646和0.655。实现了西瓜糖度检测目的,为声学无损检测西瓜成熟度提供了参考。     

钼对滇重楼生长、养分和总皂甙含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,设4个施钼水平,即0、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/kg,研究了施钼对滇重楼生长、养分元素含量和根茎总皂甙含量的影响。结果表明,与不施钼相比,施钼显著提高了滇重楼株高、光合速率、生物量和根茎产量,分别以0.4、0.2、0.4、0.2mg/kg处理最高。中低施钼水平（0.2、0.4mg/kg）下,叶和新根茎氮含量呈增加的趋势,高施钼水平（0.8mg/kg）可显著降低叶和新根茎氮含量;施钼降低了叶和新根茎中的磷含量,但增加了地上茎中的磷含量;施钼增加了叶中钾含量,但降低了茎中钾含量。各施钼处理叶、地上茎、新根茎中钼含量均显著高于不施钼处理;随施钼水平的增加,各部位钼含量呈先增加后降低的趋势。与不施钼相比,各施钼处理新根茎中总皂甙含量显著增加,以Mo 0.8 mg/kg处理最高。综合考虑滇重楼生长、药用部位生物量累积、钼和总皂甙含量,本试验条件下,以施Mo 0.2～0.4 mg/kg较为适宜。     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

木薯AGPase酶活性及其同工酶位点检测

本文以3个亲缘关系较远的高产木薯品种（SC124,SC8和Arg7）为材料,对块根发育过程中的AGPase活性和淀粉含量进行了测定,并利用AGPase同工酶电泳技术（非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳）对AGPase酶活性较高时期同工酶位点进行检测,旨在分析木薯块根AGPase同工酶位点与AGPase酶活性和淀粉积累的关系。结果表明：木薯块根发育过程中AGPase酶活性和淀粉含量呈极显著正相关（R=0．80212）,Arg7的AGPase酶活性和淀粉含量在块根发育都显著高于SC124和SC8。同工酶分析表明,木薯至少有6个同工酶位点（AGPa,AGPb,AGPc,AGPd,AGPe和AGPf）,且品种间具有多态性。其中,3个品种共有的4个同工酶位点分别为AGPa、AGPc、AGPd和AGPf,AGPe位点只在Arg7中出现,初步判断同工酶位点AGPe可能与其较高的酶活性和淀粉含量有关。本研究为系统研究木薯品种间AGPase酶活性与淀粉积累的关系提供了参考。     

土壤持水特性参数与土壤质地尺度关系的联合多重分形分析

Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure (αvG, cm-1) and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution (n) of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay contents) were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter αvG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter αvG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics.     

土地利用方式对红枫湖入湖流域土壤团聚体磷含量及其形态的影响

以贵州省安顺市红枫湖入湖口4种典型土地利用方式（玉米地、菜园、林地及撂荒地）为研究对象,分别探讨了土地利用方式对0—15em和15～30cm两个层次土壤团聚体总磷含量及其形态的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,原状土壤及各粒级团聚体总磷含量均表现为玉米地〉菜园〉撂荒地〉林地。土壤各粒级团聚体磷形态含量以ResidualP、NaOH—P、NaHCO3-P为主,其中ResidualP在各土地利用方式中的含量均最高,变幅分别为玉米地28．3％～45．4％、林地61．1％-72．7％、菜园45．9％～53．0％、撂荒地52．1％-72．4％;玉米地和菜园土壤均表现为有机磷含量约为无机态含量的2倍;随团聚体粒径的减小,土壤对总磷含量的贡献率呈减少趋势,土壤团聚体对总磷含量贡献主要集中在5～2mm和2~0．5mm两个粒级中,贡献率均达77％以上,其中耕作土壤（玉米地、菜园）中5-2mm和2-0．5mm两个粒级团聚体中的磷是湖泊面源污染中磷素的主要贡献载体,也是造成湖泊富营养化的关键因素。     

三种护坡植物根-土复合体抗剪强度比较

以紫穗槐、胡枝子及狗牙根根系及其与土壤构成的根-土复合体为研究对象,通过对根-土复合体的室内直剪试验,比较分析了不同物种根系和不同含根量对根-土复合体的抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,根系的存在提高了土体的抗剪强度,根-土复合体的抗剪强度随着含根量的增加而增大,但当含根量达到一定值时根-土复合体的强度增加并不明显,即存在最佳含根量范围;与无根扰动土相比,根-土复合体内摩擦角无显著变化,但显著提高了黏聚力,其中紫穗槐、胡枝子、狗牙根黏聚力平均增幅分别为47.5%,39.2%和38.9%;紫穗槐、胡枝子和狗牙根根-土复合体对土壤的抗剪强度影响不同。在水土流失区种植乔灌木物种能有效增加坡体稳定性,降低土壤侵蚀。     

Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat through leaf color measurements using a chlorophyll meter

A field trial was conducted over a 3-year period at the Hokkaido Kitami Agricultural Experiment Station to examine whether the grain protein content (GPC) of a winter wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chihokukomugi) suitable for Japanese noodle-making could be predicted before harvest. The prediction of the GPC was accurate based on the color of the second leaf (just below the flag leaf) at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence, when nitrogen application was graded. In order to evaluate the reliability of this test, a survey of 95 wheat fields in the eastern part of Hokkaido was also carried out during a 3-year period. The prediction of the GPC for this cultivar based on the color of the second leaf was less accurate across many sites. The results of this survey, however, suggested that the leaf color could be used as an index for ranking the GPC as low or high in relation to processing requirements. When the leaf color value of the second leaf measured with a chlorophyll meter at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence was less than 40, it was predicted that the GPC would be lower than the processing requirement. This index could be applied to the cultivars grown in the eastern part of Hokkaido, except for those grown on peat soils.     

乳熟阶段短期高温对不同品种早籼稻直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征参数的影响

以2个杂交稻（淦鑫203和金优402）和4个常规稻（中531、B670、E134和ST66）为材料,于水稻乳熟期进行高温处理3d,处理温度分别为35℃和38℃,以同期田间自然温度为对照,研究乳熟期高温对不同品种早籼稻直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征参数的影响,并对稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值与直链淀粉含量进行相关分析.结果表明,无论是对照还是高温处理,中531和B670的直链淀粉含量、消减值及回复值较低,但崩解值较高,而E134和ST66表现为直链淀粉含量、消减值及回复值较高,崩解值较低;杂交稻淦鑫203和金优402则介于两者中间.与对照相比,38℃高温显著降低淦鑫203、金优402、中531和E134的崩解值,显著提高淦鑫203、中531的消减值、显著降低金优402、中531、B670和E134的回复值.各处理淀粉RVA谱变化趋势较一致,但因品种及温度而略有差异.38℃高温处理下稻米淀粉黏滞性曲线始终低于对照,但常规稻中531和B670的RVA谱形态与对照差异不大.此外,稻米直链淀粉含量与RVA谱各特征值间存在显著相关性.