南极磷虾木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的营养学评价

分析了经1.5%木瓜蛋白酶55℃酶解3 h后的南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)蛋白酶解产物(上清和沉淀)的营养组成。结果显示:南极磷虾水解度为44.24%;上清冻干物(FDS)中粗蛋白和总糖含量分别为67.13%和13.91%,其必需氨基酸总量(ΣEAA)、鲜味氨基酸总量(ΣDAA)、牛磺酸Tau含量及F值(支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸)较酶解前分别提高了8.96%、6.06%、39.10%和16.67%,表明其氨基酸营养价值较酶解前要高。沉淀冻干物(FDP)中粗蛋白和总糖含量分别为44.49%和10.40%,而粗脂肪含量高达33.28%。FDP中总氨基酸含量(ΣAA)、ΣEAA、ΣDAA、Tau含量及F值均下降,但其ΣEAA在ΣAA中的比例高于40%,且8种EAA含量评分均高于FAO/WHO评分模式要求。脂肪酸分析结果表明,FDP中含有饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种(44.81%),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)6种(27.55%),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种(27.64%),二十碳五烯酸EPA和二十二碳六烯酸DHA含量较丰富。研究认为在本实验条件下通过木瓜蛋白酶酶解南极磷虾得到的FDS和FDP具有较高的利用价值,可开发为人类重要的蛋白来源。     

营养盐浓度对棕鞭藻叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和总脂含量的影响

利用生物化学方法和叶绿素荧光动力学分析技术,研究了棕鞭藻在一次性培养过程中,不同营养盐浓度(f/4、f/2、f、2f、4f)对其叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、细胞密度、单位体积干质量、总脂含量和总脂收获量的影响。试验结果表明,营养盐浓度为2f时,该藻的最终细胞密度、叶绿素含量、单位体积干质量、总脂含量和总脂收获量均显著高于其他各处理组,由此可以看出,在本试验条件下,最适合棕鞭藻生长和油脂积累的营养盐浓度是2f。不同营养盐浓度对棕鞭藻的叶绿素荧光参数有显著影响,培养6～10d,f/4处理组的叶绿素荧光参数(光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转换效率;光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性;光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率;相对电子传递效率和光化学淬灭)最低,其次为f/2处理组(P0.05)。培养7～10d,2f处理组的光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率、相对电子传递效率和光化学淬灭显著高于其他处理组(P0.05)。培养结束时(第10d),各处理组细胞密度和总脂含量依次为:2f4fff/2f/4。相关性分析结果表明,营养盐浓度为f/4～2f时,棕鞭藻的细胞密度、叶绿素含量、单位体积干质量和总脂含量与营养盐浓度均呈显著的正相关;营养盐浓度为2f～4f时,上述各值与营养盐浓度则均呈显著的负相关。     

Gene Expression in Black Tiger Prawns Following Intramuscular Injection of β-gal Plasmid

Gene expression in black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) was studied following intra-muscular injection of CMVGal plasmid into the second abdominal segment. We used an in situ staining technique to detect -gal expression in one- and three-month-old injected prawns. We found that only one of the three-month-old prawns expressed the marker gene (2 days after injection), and the site of expression was confined to the sixth abdominal segment away from the injection site. We repeated the experiment on a new batch of three-month-old prawns, but using fluorometric determination technique. This time we found that -gal expression was detected (6/42) at the site of injection after 2, 7, and 14 days. In two other test samples, transgene expression was detected in the sixth abdominal segment only, further confirming the possibility of injected DNA dispersal. The results of the study also suggest that direct gene transfer is a feasible technique in black tiger prawns.     

北部湾多齿蛇鲻摄食习性及随生长发育的变化

2008年10月至2009年9月,对北部湾多齿蛇鲻逐月采样共749尾(实胃数408个),通过胃含物分析法研究其摄食习性及随生长发育的变化。结果表明,北部湾多齿蛇鲻捕食种类包括鱼类、头足类以及虾类等饵料生物,其中可鉴定出的鱼类种类有17种。以相对重要性指数百分比为指标,鱼类为最主要饵料(98.8%),其中优势饵料种类有蓝圆鲹(34.9%)、少鳞犀鳕(26.6%)、长颌棱鳀(4.30%)和条鲾(2.5%)。多齿蛇鲻摄食强度、饱满指数和成熟系数的月份差异十分显著,而以Brillouin指数表征的各月份营养多样性则无显著差异。一年中呈现3个产卵高峰期(3-4月、6月及11月),产卵期间摄食强度没有降低,仍然强烈索饵。随着体长的增长,北部湾多齿蛇鲻饵料生物个数变化较小,但平均单个饵料生物质量却明显增加。聚类分析表明,北部湾多齿蛇鲻各体长组间食物组成相近,其中136～255mm各体长组相似性系数均大于60%。     

Effects of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein from solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal and 0, 7, 14 or 21% lipid from menhaden fish oil. The basal diet, without supplemental fish oil, contained lipid at 0.4% of dry weight. The diets were fed to groups of 25 juvenile red drum initially averaging 7.3 ± 0.18 g fish^–1 in a recirculating culture system for 8 weeks and weight gain was recorded. After an additional 8 weeks, 16 fish from each treatment were sacrificed and the following measurements were recorded: hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, and liver -tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and cytochrome P-4501A activity (measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity). The activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and concentrations of -tocopherol also were measured in plasma.Weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary lipid concentration, with values ranging from 361% of initial weight for fish fed the basal diet to 527% of initial weight for fish fed the diet containing 7% lipid. The HSI and IPF ratio values also were significantly affected by lipid with the lowest values recorded for fish fed the basal diet and the highest values observed in fish fed the diet containing 21% lipid. Increasing dietary lipid significantly increased oxidative stress as reflected in reduced -tocopherol in liver and plasma and increased MDA formation in the liver, although no overt pathological signs were observed. These findings suggest that lipid concentrations between 7 and 14%, when the diet contains 60 IU vitamin E kg^–1, are likely to limit oxidative stress and result in normal physiological responses of red drum.     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

日本沼虾饲料最适蛋白质、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比的研究

本文研究了日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)饲料的最适蛋白质含量、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比。试验用饲料由酪蛋白、糊精、混合油、复合维生素和无机盐混合物等组成。本试验用的日本沼虾体重为 1.77±0.23克,试验期间水温为 21—25℃。用增重率、饲料系数和肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力等作为评价指标。试验结果表明:日本沼虾配合饲料适宜蛋白质含量为 36.8—42.27％,适宜脂肪含量为6—12％。当配合饲料的蛋内质含量在适宜范围内,饲料能量蛋白比(C/P)为8千卡/克蛋白左右,每公斤配合饲料的总能量为3006—3561千卡是最为适宜的。当饲料总能量在一定范围内,随着饲料碳水化合物含量的增加,肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力增强。     

Changes in thyroid hormone levels in eggs and larvae and in iodide uptake by eggs of coho and chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutsch andO. tschawytscha

Developmental profiles of thyroxin (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃) and radioactive iodide uptake were established for eggs and T₄ and T₃ profiles were established for larvae (whole-body, yolk-only and body-only) of coho and chinook salmon. T₄ and T₃ were consistently present in all samples. In eggs, hormone levels remained fairly constant in all cohorst for at least the first three weeks of incubation, but then fluctuated in both directions in some sample groups. Large increases in T₄ (from 9 ng/g to 245 ng/g) were seen in 1985 chinook eggs 28 days after fertilization. Radioactive iodide uptake (which was used as a possible indicator of thyroxinogenesis) increased at least 10-fold in both 1986 coho and chinook eggs from 23–30 days after fertilization. T₄ (62 ng/g) and T₃ (393 ng/g) were found in the bodies of 28-day-old 1986 chinook embryos. In whole larvae, hormone levels varied depending upon the cohort studied. In general, initial body-only concentrations of both T₄ and T₃ decreased as body weight increased, but before yolksac resorption was completed, both thyroid hormone content and concentration increased (except for chinook T₃). T₄ and T₃ content in larval yolk stayed constant as yolksac size decreased, resulting in increased thyroid hormone concentration in the yolksac. All of these data suggest that the initial source of thyroid hormones in coho and chinook salmon eggs is maternal, but that by approximately 3–4 weeks after fertilization, the developing embryos begin to produce their own thyroid hormones. After hatching, increases in tissue T₄ and T₃ concentration coupled with constant T₄ and T₃ content in diminishing yolksacs suggest that larvae also produce their own thyroid hormones; yolksac content then may reflect both the original maternal hormones and the larva-producted hormones.     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡磷虾渔场夏秋季汤氏纽鳃樽食物组成及其影响因素研究

为了研究南极磷虾渔场汤氏纽鳃樽的食物组成及其影响因素,实验基于2020年3—4月在布兰斯菲尔德海峡采集到的汤氏纽鳃樽样本,通过分析肠道内容物确定了其食物组成,并进一步分析了其食性的月间以及生活史阶段间差异.结果发现,汤氏纽鳃樽主要摄食硅藻和浮游动物,还少量摄食纤毛虫、原生动物等,优势饵料为羽状环毛藻;汤氏纽鳃樽的摄食存...     

Varietal differences in phenolic content and astringency in skin and flesh of hardy kiwifruit resources in Japan

Varietal differences in the total phenolic content and astringency in the skin and flesh were determined among the cultivars and local collections of hardy kiwifruit with a ploidy variance found in Japan. The average values of the total phenolic content in the skin and flesh were 2.66 and 0.18 g 100 g⁻¹ FW, respectively. There were large varietal differences in the total phenolic content in the skin in the range of 1.3–5.0 g 100 g⁻¹ FW. Kochi (tetraploid), while Gassan and ‘Mitsuko’ (hexaploid) contained a larger amount of total phenolics. High astringency was found in Gassan, ‘Mitsuko’ and ‘Hoko’ (hexaploids) and Kochi. HPLC analysis showed that the major components of phenolics in the flesh were (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, (−)-epicatechin and quercetin.