Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) for Predicting Soil Fertility and Historical Management

This study tests the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for predicting soil fertility and management history from topsoil (0–10 cm deep) spectra. Soil fertility was assessed by measuring the growth of a test plant, and soil management history was determined through inquiries with farmers. Moreover, NIRS predictive value was compared with that of a group of topsoil parameters: total carbon and nitrogen, nitrate, potential respiration and denitrification, and microbial biomass. Modelling used partial and modified partial least square regressions to ensure comparisons between predictions by NIRS versus by soil parameters. Soil fertility and management history were well predicted by NIRS (Q² = 0.78 and R² = 0.89 both; Q² and R² are cross-validation and calibration coefficients of determination, respectively), as were the soil parameters (Q² = 0.79–0.92 and R² = 0.86–0.98). Soil fertility and management history were more accurately predicted by NIRS than by the set of soil parameters.     

Structural diversity and enzyme activity of volcanic soils at different stages of development and response to experimental disturbance

We investigated the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) diversity and enzyme activities in soils from the volcano, Mt. Etna (Sicily). The soils were at sites which have been developing for different periods of time and have formed in volcanic lava of differing ages that have been supplemented with volcanic ejecta from subsequent eruptions. However, the plant communities indicated a marked successional difference between the sites and we have used this as a proxy for developmental stage. We have compared the structural and functional properties of the microbial communities in soils from the two sites and tested experimentally the hypothesis that the more diverse community was more resistant and resilient to disturbance. The experimental disturbance imposed was heating (60 °C for 48 h) and the recovery of enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase) and structural properties (PLFA profiles) were then followed over six months. The microbial community in the soil from the older site was more structurally diverse and had a larger total PLFA concentration before disturbance than that of the soil from the younger site. The older soil community was not more resistant and resilient following an environmental disturbance as the younger soil community was equally or more resistant and resilient for all parameters. Changes in enzyme activities following disturbance were almost entirely attributable to changes in biomass (total PLFA).     

核桃壳木醋液的制取、成分分析及抑菌试验（简报）

为了充分利用核桃壳资源,以核桃壳为原料,采用干馏的方法,分90～150℃、150～310℃、310～550℃ 3个温度段收集馏出液,经静置、木炭粉吸附焦油处理等过程,制得核桃壳木醋液。然后对所得木醋液的基本性质和抑菌活性进行了研究,并对抑菌活性最强的木醋液的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明：核桃壳木醋液产生的温度范围为90～550℃;各温度段所得木醋液精制后的得率随干馏温度的增加而降低,密度随温度增加而增加,pH值随温度升高呈增加趋势,有机酸含量则呈降低趋势;各温度段核桃壳木醋液对测试菌均有抑制作用,尤其是较高温度段（150～310℃、310～550℃）的抑菌效果较好。气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析表明,温度段为150～310℃的木醋液中含有约43种化合物,其中主要成分为酸类、酚类、酮类、醛类和杂环化合物等。其中含量最多的是酚类化合物和有机酸,其含量占总检出成分的80.70％。初步分析其抑菌的有效成分为酚类物质。     

Structural Effects of N-Arylcarbamoylpyrazolines on Calcium Uptake in Rat Brain Synaptosomes

N-Arylcarbamoylpyrazolines with various substituents at the para position of the carbamoyl benzene ring inhibited ATP-dependent Ca²⁺-uptake in synaptosomes prepared from the rat brain. The activity of these compounds was evaluated as log(1/I₅₀), the reciprocal logarithm of half inhibitory concentration, I₅₀ (m ), from the concentration–response curve for the inhibition of Ca²⁺-uptake. Among the compounds tested, methyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1-[N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)carbamoyl]-2-pyrazoline-4-carboxylate was the most potent, the I₅₀ value of which as 9·12×10⁻⁷ m . Variations in the activity in terms of log(1/I₅₀) were quantitatively analysed using a substituent parameter, showing that the higher the electron-withdrawing effect of the substituent, the higher was the activity. The substituent effects were similar to those on insecticidal activity against the Americal cockroach. The higher the inhibitory activity against Ca²⁺ uptake, the higher seemed to be the insecticidal activity. Methyl(4S) - 3 - (4 - chlorophenyl) - 4 - methyl - 1 - [N - (4 - chlorophenyl)carbamoyl] - 2 - pyrazoline -4-carboxylate had higher inhibitory activity against Ca²⁺-uptake and higher in-secticidal activity than the R-isomer, but the difference was greater in theCa²⁺-uptake system.     

非热处理对蜂花粉杀菌效果及品质的影响

为探究更有利于保留蜂花粉原有营养和风味的杀菌方法,本研究分别用辐照、超高压和高压静电场3种非热杀菌技术处理蜂花粉,并测定营养及风味的指标。结果表明,7 kGy辐照、500 MPa超高压、30 kV高场强处理对蜂花粉中的微生物均有抑制作用,且辐照对细菌的抑制效果较好,超高压和高压静电场对真菌的抑制效果较好。经500 MPa超高压处理后,蜂花粉脂类含量增加了23.3%,酚酸等活性成分含量增加,且其抗氧化活性降低程度最小,颜色和风味最接近未处理蜂花粉;30 kV高场强处理后,蜂花粉抗氧化活性显著下降、颜色偏深偏暗;7 kGy辐照处理后产生了明显的辐照味。综上,蜂花粉经超高压灭菌能达到较好的杀菌效果,而且能最大限度保持蜂花粉原有品质。本研究为非热杀菌技术在蜂花粉加工产业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

白灵菇产木聚糖酶营养条件的优化

以白灵菇为出发菌株,研究该菌株在不同碳源、氮源、无机盐的条件下产木聚糖酶活力大小,从中筛选出最佳培养基配方。通过测量菌丝干重,采用DNS法测定白灵菇产木聚糖酶活性大小,并根据碳源、氮源、无机盐对白灵菇产木聚糖酶的活性的影响,得出白灵菇最适培养基组成为:甘蔗渣5%、黄豆粉2%、MgSO40.15%、KH2PO40.3%、ZnSO40.01%、VB12粒。发酵液酶活力可达到60.50U/ml。     

类黄酮化合物抗癌活性研究与进展

天然食物中的生物活性物质在人类疾病的预防和治疗中发挥重要作用,其中类黄酮化合物的抗癌活性受到不同领域科学家的广泛关注。通过归纳总结近年来有关类黄酮化合物在流行病学、分子机制以及构效关系等方面的研究进展,评述此类化合物的抗癌活性。     

Cembranoid, Steroid, and Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives from the South China Sea Soft Coral Sinularia numerosa

Two new cembranoids, namely, sinumerolides A and B （1 and 2）, one new steroid, 7fl-hydroxygorgosterol （7）, along with four known cembranoid derivatives （3-6）, four known steroids （8-11）, and four known...     

淡水鱼肌肉中酸性磷酸酶的酶学特性

以草鱼、鮰鱼、鳝鱼为原料,从3种淡水鱼肌肉中提取酸性磷酸酶(ACP),对粗酶液的酶学特性进行了研究。结果表明:草鱼、鮰鱼和鳝鱼肌肉中ACP适宜反应pH值分别为5.0、5.8和5.6,适宜反应温度分别为60、37、43℃;草鱼、鳝鱼肌肉中ACP在pH值为5～9条件下较稳定,鮰鱼肌肉ACP在pH值为5～8条件下较稳定;Na+、K+、Mg2+对酶活性影响不大,而Zn2+对ACP有激活作用,Cu2+、Ca2+、Hg2+对酶活性有抑制作用;半胱氨酸、磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠对鱼肉ACP酶活性有较好的抑制效果。