有机酸处理谷物在反刍动物饲粮配制中的应用

随着高谷物、低纤维成为当前高产奶牛或育肥牛、羊饲粮的典型营养特征,通过谷物预处理对反刍动物营养进行调控成为近年来的研究热点。本文总结了不同谷物处理方式的优点与不足,重点评述了有机酸处理谷物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、养分代谢以及生产性能影响的研究进展,以期为谷物预处理在反刍动物饲粮配制中的应用提供参考。     

Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs

Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) metabolism are increasingly recognized in small animal medicine and have a variety of causes ranging from chronic gastrointestinal disease to hereditary defects in cobalamin metabolism. Measurement of serum cobalamin concentration, often in combination with serum folate concentration, is routinely performed as a diagnostic test in clinical practice. While the detection of hypocobalaminemia has therapeutic implications, interpretation of cobalamin status in dogs can be challenging. The aim of this review is to define hypocobalaminemia and cobalamin deficiency, normocobalaminemia, and hypercobalaminemia in dogs, describe known cobalamin deficiency states, breed predispositions in dogs, discuss the different biomarkers of importance for evaluating cobalamin status in dogs, and discuss the management of dogs with hypocobalaminemia.     

利用析因法测定产蛋鸡必需氨基酸需要量、模式及模型

本研究是3期饲养试验内容的概括和总结，目的是使所建立的估测产蛋鸡必需氨基酸（EAA）需要模型具有广泛的适应性和准确性。对394只罗曼蛋鸡的试验数据进行多元回归分析。根据食入的每个EAA（主要包括赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸）与产蛋、维持和增量所需的相应EAA的回归关系，测定相应的回归系数，建立了估测每个EAA需要的数学模型，可估测产蛋鸡在任何生产条件下每个EAA的需要量及模式。另外．本试验还建立了指数曲线模型（R2为0．71），唐它来描述食入EAA与产蛋量间的关系比较恰当，不过，用来估测产蛋鸡EAA需要量时，其估测值与实测值的吻合度没有桥因法好（R2为0．80）。     

肉仔鸡对不同形态蛋白质吸收率的研究

为评价肉仔鸡对不同形态蛋白吸收差异性,将100只艾维茵雄肉仔鸡随机分为4个处理组,每个处理5个重复,每个重复5只鸡,进行氨基酸、酪蛋白和肽三种蛋白源的吸收率对比研究。结果表明:肉鸡对氨基酸组日粮总蛋白吸收率极显著高于肽组和酪蛋白组(P<0.01) ,总蛋白吸收率分别提高5.10 %和5.27 %;肽组和酪蛋白组日粮中多数氨基酸吸收率均显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)低于氨基酸组的吸收率;相对而言,肽组和酪蛋白组中的天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸、脯氨酸、异亮氨酸和胱氨酸等吸收率同氨基酸组相比差异幅度较大。肽组日粮同酪蛋白组日粮总蛋白吸收率间无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,游离氨基酸在肉仔鸡肠道中吸收率高于完整蛋白和肽,游离氨基酸具有吸收优势。     

牛磺胆酸对小鼠体内氧自由基的影响

为了研究牛磺胆酸(TCA)对小鼠体内氧自由基代谢的影响,采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法、二硫代二硝基苯甲酸法、紫外分光光度法、硫代巴比妥酸法和酶联免疫特异性测定法分别测定了给药后小鼠血浆、肝脏和脑组织中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量及血浆中一氧化氯合酶(NOS)的活力.结果显示,低剂量TCA能显著提高血浆、肝脏和脑组织中GSP-PX活力及肝脏和脑组织中CAT活力,显著降低血浆中GSH-PX活力和脑组织中GSH-PX活力.高剂量的TCA能显著提高血浆中GSH-PX、肝脏和脑组织中T-SOD、GSH-PX及肝脏中CAT活力.低、高剂量的TCA能显著降低血浆、肝脏和脑组织中MDA的含量,以及提高血浆中NOS活力.结果证明,TCA的抗氧自由基作用与其提高体内SOD、GSH-PX、CAT、NOS的活力和降低MDA含量有关.     

Analysis of the toxic potential of Palicourea corymbifera (Müll. Arg.) Standl. in laboratory animals

Palicourea species may produce bovine toxicity. Palicourea corymbifera grows in terra firme forests within the Amazon rain forest and in Tropical America, particularly in spots that gave place to gazing areas. The lyophilized extract done with the aerial organs of P. corymbifera were analyzed in male and female mice. Results revealed a significant toxicity: LD50 was 1.10 (1.04-1.15)g/kg for male mice, and 1.05 (1.00-1.10)g/kg for female mice. Locomotion was affected as well as there were reflexes linked to environmental stimuli in addition to changes in posture. Progressive central nervous system stimulus signs such as trembling and convulsions were detected, the latter followed by the animal's death. Macroscopic histopathological exams performed on the liver, kidneys and lungs of mice submitted to necropsy did not indicate the existence of lesions. General activity of animals, measured in an open field, was reduced as a result of the administration of the extract. Duration of locomotion and rearing frequency were reduced, in opposition to an increase in the duration of immobility. Thin layer chromatography analysis showed that monofluoroacetic acid is present in the lyophilized extract, but other qualitative techniques as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance showed that the MFAA was not present in the extract, and that the toxicity is related to other compound, although the toxic profile is very similar to that of MFAA. P. corymbifera was shown to be significantly toxic to laboratory animals and investigation of the possible toxic substance shall be done.     

饲料原料与瘤胃培养残渣(8、12、16小时)氨基酸组成差异的研究

选用3头装有瘤胃瘘管的改良阉牛 ,利用尼龙袋技术对不同饲料降解后残渣的氨基酸(AA)组成与原料AA组成的差异进行了研究。结果表明 ,与精料氨基酸浓度相比在降解后有上升趋势(P<0.05)的氨基酸有Ala、Phe、Val、Ile和Leu(其中后3种氨基酸为支链氨基酸) ;在降解后有下降趋势(P<0.05)的氨基酸有Gly、Arg、Tys、Lys、Met和Cys。各氨基酸降解前后的浓度存在强相关回归关系。     

Production of aromatic amino acids and related compounds from p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by rumen microorganisms in vitro

Suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria (B), protozoa (P), and mixed rumen microorganisms (BP) prepared from rumen contents of fistulated goats were anaerobically incubated with 1 mM p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) at 39°C for 24 h. Tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan (Trp) and other related compounds in both supernatants and hydrolyzates of microbial cells in all incubations were analyzed by HPLC. Large amounts of Tyr (32.1, 42.7 and 36.1% of disappeared HPA in B, P and BP, respectively) were produced from HPA during a 12 h incubation period. The formation of Tyr in P (178.6 µmol/g MN) was 1.5 and 2 times higher than in B and BP, respectively. Phe (7–11% of the disappeared HPA) and Trp (3–6% of the disappeared HPA) were also synthesized from HPA in B, P, and BP. Phe synthesis in P (46.3 µmol/g MN) was 1.7 times higher than in B but, in contrast, Trp synthesis in B, was 1.6 times higher than in P. The metabolites p‐hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (in the range of 5–14% of disappeared HPA), phenylacetic acid (1–11%), p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (3–7%) and benzoic acid (1–6%) were produced from HPA in B, P and BP. Phenylpropionic acid (6% of the disappeared HPA) was produced only in B and BP.     

不同氧化方法对羽毛粉中胱氨酸生成磺基丙氨酸效果的影响

采用均匀设计方法研究了过甲酸法、过乙酸法氧化羽毛粉中胱氨酸为磺基丙氨酸的效果，结果表明，两种方法的效果无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。从实用经济角度来考虑，以使用过乙酸氧化法为宜。使用此法的最适条件为：过乙酸用量（Ｘ１）０．１ｍＬ／ｇ羽毛粉，过乙酸组成（Ｘ２）（过氧化氢∶乙酸）１∶８；过乙酸的浓度（Ｘ３）９０％；氧化温度１１０℃（Ｘ４）；氧化时间（Ｘ５）８ｈ。在此条件下，磺基丙氨酸最佳得率为８．０２％。氧化条件（Ｘ）与生成磺基丙氨酸（Ｙ）之间的回归方程：ｙ＝０．９４２２＋０．０６８６Ｘ１＋０．５７８７Ｘ２＋０．００４９Ｘ３＋０．００５２Ｘ４＋０．２９５９Ｘ５。     

Effect of different dietary ratios of sunflower and linseed oils on growth and carcass traits of rabbits

As part of an experiment aiming to modify the meat fatty acid profile, this work studied the growth and carcass traits as affected by various dietary ratios of sunflower oil and linseed oil. A diet without added oil served as a control (C). Four other diets were equally 4% oil-enriched but they differed in the incorporation ratios of sunflower oil (S) to linseed oil (L), i.e. 4% S to 0% L (diet 4%S), 3% S to 1% L (diet 3:1%SL), 2% S to 2% L (diet 2:2%SL) and 0% S to 4% L (diet 4%L). The oil-rich diets had slightly higher digestible energy contents (11.4 vs 10.6 MJ/kg) than the C feed. In each group 10 litters of 7 to 9 Pannon White kits per litter were studied in the pre-weaning period from 21 to 35 days old. Growth and slaughter traits were assessed with 50 and 30 rabbits per group, respectively. No significant effects of diets were found on litter and doe performances. The only significant differences in growth performance of the C, 4%S, 3:1%SL, 2:2%SL and 4%L rabbits were for the 35–49 day feed intake (88, 86, 84, 84 and 83 g per day, respectively, P = 0.046), the 35–84 day growth rate (36, 38, 37, 35 and 37 g/day, P = 0.034) and the 84-day body weight (2608, 2703, 2664, 2565 and 2628 g, respectively, P = 0.022). There were several significant differences in carcass traits including the weight of reference carcass (1357, 1391, 1388, 1380 and 1369 g, respectively, P = 0.004) and left longisimus dorsi meat (78, 79, 81, 81 and 76 g, respectively, P = 0.046) of rabbits. The diets had major effects on the L*, a* and b* colour values (lightness, redness and yellowness) of meat and fat. Carcass colour of the C and 4%S rabbits was closer and the 4%L rabbits was further from the European consumer's preference of light coloured, less red and slightly yellow rabbit meat. Our result reveals the importance of age and body weight at slaughter. Taking the growth and slaughter performances and, the recent belief of human health benefits from lower n− 6/n− 3 FAs dietary ratios into account, the 2:2%SL diet seems most appropriate if the interests of the raisers, meat processors and buyers are considered equally.