Effect of light irradiation on dynamics of vitamin A compounds in rotifers and Artemia

ABSTRACT:   The dynamics of vitamin A (VA) compounds in live food during enrichment were examined under different light conditions. Rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia nauplii ( Artemia ) were enriched with or without 10 mg VA palmitate (VAp) in 1 L of culture medium for 24 h under either bright (2000 lx), or dark (<1 lx) conditions. VAp, retinol (ROH), retinal (RAL) and retinoic acid (RA) contents were analyzed at 0 h (before enrichment) and at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after the onset of enrichment. Retinoid content in rotifers enriched in darkness was always higher than that enriched under light. VAp content showed two peaks at 3 and 18 h in rotifers enriched in darkness, but it showed one peak at 3 h in rotifers enriched under light. ROH and RA contents increased over the 24-h period in rotifers enriched in darkness, whereas they decreased 12 h onward in rotifers enriched under light. In Artemia , VAp and ROH contents were always higher than when enriched under the bright condition, but their dynamics showed a similar pattern in Artemia enriched under dark and bright conditions.     

Use of enriched rotifers and Artemia during larviculture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758): effects on early growth, survival and lipid composition

A feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia sp. enriched differently on early growth, survival and lipid class composition of Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua). Rotifers enrichments tested were: (1) AlgaMac 2000^®, (2) AquaGrow^® Advantage and (3) a combination of Pavlova sp. paste and AlgaMac 2000^®. The same treatments were tested with Artemia as well as a combination of DC DHA Selco^® and AlgaMac 2000^® as a fourth treatment. After rotifer feeding, the larvae from treatment 3 [1.50 ± 0.11 mg dry weight (dw)] were significantly heavier than larvae from treatment 2 (1.03 ± 0.04 mg dw). After feeding Artemia, the larvae from treatment 1 were significantly heavier (12.06 ± 2.54 mg dw) than those from treatments 3 (6.5 ± 0.73 mg dw) and 4 (5.31 ± 1.01 mg dw). Treatment 3 resulted in the best survival through the 59 days of larviculture. After rotifer feeding, high larval concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and ω6 docosapentaenoic acid (ω6DPA) could be linked to better larval growth and survival while after feeding Artemia, high larval DHA/EPA ratios (～3) and high DPA/AA ratios (>1) could be linked to better survival.     

中华卤虫不同日龄生长性状间的相关性分析

为探究中华卤虫不同生长阶段以及性状间的相关性,以确定合适的选择时间和目标性状,2008年收集来源于中国不同地区的3个两性生殖品系卤虫卵,SIN品系(山西运城解池盐湖)、YIM品系(内蒙古伊克昭盟)和ALXZ品系(内蒙古阿拉善左旗),利用人工静水孵化技术进行孵化,每个品系随机选取50尾个体单独养殖30d,每5天测定卤虫个体的全长(TL),并在第25日龄、第30日龄测定全长(TL)、体长(BL)、体宽(BDW)和体重(BW)性状值。中华卤虫3个品系6个生长阶段的各性状值测定数据显示,25d是卤虫生长的最高峰。不同生长阶段间全长表型相关分析表明,两个生长阶段间隔时间越长,相关系数越小。SIN、YIM和ALXZ3个品系第5天和第25天的相关系数仅为0.073、0.091、0.026。特别是15d前和15d后的生长阶段间,生长性状值甚至存在着负相关。对于卤虫生长性状的遗传改良,早期选择特别是15d之前进行选择,可能并不是一个理想的选择方案。中华卤虫性状间相关分析表明,第25日龄、30日龄全长、体长分别与体宽、体重性状间的表型相关虽均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),但相关系数较小。在选育生长快、体型大的卤虫新品种(系)时...     

金属离子Ni2+和Co2+对卤虫孵化率和变态率的影响

在去除重金属离子的天然海水中添加不同浓度的Ni^2 和Co^2 进行养殖实验，研究了Ni^2 和Co^2 对盐卤虫（Artemia saline)孵化率及变态率的影响。在试验过程中保持温度（27℃）、盐度（30‰）以及pH(=8)恒定。结果表明：当海水中Ni^2 和Co^2 浓度分别为40μg/L和30μg/L时对旧金山湾卤虫的孵化最为有利，当Ni^2 浓度为40μg/L,Co^2 浓度为40μg/L-50μg/L时对其发育变态最为有利。从而得出结论：当海水中Ni^2 浓度在40μg/L范围左右时可促进卤虫的孵化及变态发育，当海水中Co^2 浓度为30μg/L-50μg/L范围内时可促进卤虫的生长发育。     

Effect of partial harvesting strategies on Artemia biomass production in Vietnamese salt works

The effect of partial harvest strategies on the production of Artemia biomass was evaluated for 12 weeks under Vietnamese salt farm conditions. The initial stocking density was 100 nauplii L^?1. After 3 weeks of inoculation, Artemia adults were partially harvested at intervals of 1, 3, 6 and 9 days starting with an initial quantity of 30 kg ha^?1 day^?1 at first harvest, and then the quantity of harvestable biomass was adjusted according to the standing stock present in the culture pond, combined with the time needed to harvest these quantities and with the weight of biomass harvested in each pond. The results showed that in most cases, the total densities were not significantly different among harvesting frequencies (P>0.05). However, a relatively higher Artemia adult density and its standing stock were better maintained in the 3‐day than in the 1‐day interval, and were significantly higher compared with the other two harvesting frequencies. The total biomass yields were the highest (1587 kg ha^?1) in the 3‐day harvesting interval, followed by 1‐, 6‐ and 9‐day harvesting interludes, corresponding to 1323, 1091 and 975 kg ha^?1 respectively. However, no statistical difference was observed between the 1‐ and the 3‐day interval as well as between the 6‐ and the 9‐day harvest schemes (P>0.05). The results of this study suggest that partial harvest of Artemia biomass performed every 3 days appears to be an appropriate strategy to enhance biomass productivity.     

Slightly salinized water enhances the growth and survival of Arapaima gigas larvae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and growth of Arapaima gigas larvae reared in slightly salinized water. Pirarucu larvae (183.1 ± 41.2 mg and 3.4 ± 0.3 cm) were stocked in PVC tanks (20 L; n = 4; 40 larvae per tank) in a static system. A. gigas larvae were reared in increasing levels of salinized water (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4‰) for a period of 15 days. Fish were fed six times a day with Artemia nauplii (2,900 nauplii per larvae per meal in the beginning). The salinized water increased by at least four times the Artemia nauplii lifespan, which prolonged the time of live food supply to Arapaima larvae. Pirarucu larvae kept in freshwater presented the lowest values in weight gain, final weight and survival. Larvae reared in water with 4‰ of salinized water showed the highest final weight. Slightly salinized water enhances the growth and survival of A. gigas larvae and it can be a simple practice with low cost that can be applied in the routine of pirarucu larviculture.     

Differential inhibition of digestive proteases by tannin in two size groups of rohu (Labeo rohita,Hamilton): A biochemical and zymography study

This study was intended to evaluate tannin mediated inhibition of digestive proteases in two different size groups (fingerlings, F, 4.5 ± 0.7 cm; advanced fingerlings, AF, 18.2 ± 1.6 cm) of rohu, Labeo rohita. Graded levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 nM) of tannin (Gallotannin, 99% purity) were added to the enzyme extracts (30°C, 1 hr) prior to determination of enzyme activities. Changes in the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and total protease in relation to the control sets were determined through biochemical assay of enzymes and SDS‐PAGE zymography. The study revealed that tannin significantly inhibited trypsin, chymotrypsin and total protease activities in a dose dependent manner as evident from the regression equations. The degree of the inhibition appeared to be significantly higher for the F in contrast to the AF (F_5,66 = 282.311; p < 0.0001). Trypsin activities were reduced by 8.04 ± 0.19% to 52.68 ± 0.72% and 5.61 ± 0.22% to 39.46 ± 0.19% in F and AF, respectively. The reduction in Chymotrypsin activities ranged between 16.11 ± 0.03% to 38.02 ± 0.27% in F and 6.31 ± 0.07% to 22.80 ± 0.32% in AF. Total protease activities were reduced by 10.9 ± 0.07% to 49.60 ± 0.32% in L. rohitaF, whereas, it ranged between 5.19 ± 0.06% to 32.60 ± 0.13% in AF. On a comparative scale, the difference in tannin induced inhibition in F and AF were more prominent for trypsin and chymotrypsin than total protease. Further, nine protease activity bands (15.9–69 kD) with different electromobility were noticed in both the size groups. Subsequent densitometry analysis revealed that the average densities of the protease activity bands were gradually decreased with increasing level of tannin exposure (50–200 nM). The study might indicate adaptive tolerance to tannin in larger size groups and emphasizes the need for removal of tannin in the plant feedstuffs, especially for feeding the fingerlings of L. rohita.     

Yield and Economic Efficiency of Green Water in Combination with Supplemental Feeds for Artemia Production in Vietnamese Salt Ponds

We evaluated the combined effects of different green water sources and feed supplements on Artemia biomass production and economic efficiency. A two-factor experiment was set up with two green water types produced from the ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus (N:P = 5 and N:P = 10) in combination with two types of supplemental feed (rice bran or pig manure). After 12 weeks of culture, total Artemia biomass yield with the N:P = 5 treatment (2.29 ton ha^?1 crop^?1) was 14% higher than that with the N:P = 10 treatment (1.97 ton ha^?1 crop^?1), although this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). There was no significant interaction between green water and supplemental feeding treatments for the final yield of Artemia biomass. Comparative cost-benefit analysis showed that the treatment of N:P = 5 combined with pig manure attained a significantly higher net profit and cost/benefit ratio than the other treatments.     

兰州大尾羊血液蛋白(酶)多态性的研究

以126只兰州大尾羊为实验对象,采用不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)对血清酯酶(Es)、淀粉酶(Amy)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(Alb)、后白蛋白(Po)和转铁蛋白(Tf)等7个蛋白位点进行了多态性检测和遗传多态性分析。结果表明,在所检测的7个蛋白位点中,Es、Hb、Po和Tf等4个蛋白位点表现多态性,而Alb、Amy和LDH等3种蛋白(酶)未检测到多态性。其中,Es基因座上共检测到3种基因型,即Es++、Es+-、Es--;Po基因座上表现出2种基因型,即AA、AB;Tf蛋白位点上表现出5种基因型,分别为AC、BB、CC、BC、CD;Hb蛋白位点上表现出3种基因型,分别是AA、AB、BB。群体遗传分析表明,Es、Hb、Po、Tf的杂合度分别为0.4987、0.4574、0.3346、0.5547。Es、Hb、Po、Tf蛋白位点有效等位基因数分别为1.9948、1.8430、1.5029、2.2457。卡方检验表明,在Es、Po、Tf、Hb多态性位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。兰州大尾羊种内平均有效等位基因数、平均杂合度、平均多态信息含量分别为1.8966、0.4614、0.3802。平均杂合度和有效等位基因数呈明显下降趋势。     

Development of the female gametophyte in the sterile ecotype of the bolting Allium sativum L.

Manifestations of female sterility were investigated in a sterile bolting ecotype of Allium sativum (garlic). Morphological studies revealed interference during the formation of integuments around the nucellus and the lack of a micropylar channel and anatomical studies revealed disorders in female gametophyte formation. As the consequence of developmental abnormalities ovule abortion was observed. Finally, significant differences were revealed between 2D protein profiles of sterile ovules of A. sativum and fertile ovules of Allium tuberosum. Further possibilities of application of modern proteomic tools to identify proteins responsible for developmental changes in sterile ovules of A. sativum are discussed.