新疆奎屯123团土壤砷污染研究

土壤砷污染是一种十分严重的环境问题。80年代初,新疆奎屯垦区发现了中国大陆第一个地方性砷中毒病区。本文主要以奎屯123团为研究区域,通过对该地区土壤中砷含量的测定,分析该地区土壤中砷的污染状况,砷的主要来源,探讨砷在土壤中的分布特征。结果表明奎屯123团0~20 cm土壤中砷的含量范围在8.36~39.63mg kg-1,算术平均值为16.67mg kg-1,高于全国的平均水平。土壤中砷的来源主要受自然因素的影响,同时也受到高砷地下水灌溉以及含砷农药、化肥等诸多人为因素的影响,砷在该地区土壤中的垂直变化没有呈现出统一的规律。     

化学工业污水灌溉对土壤中砷分布的影响——以开封市化肥河为例

对开封市郊区化肥河沿岸及全郊区土壤进行典型采样调查 ,研究了化肥厂含砷废水灌溉对土壤中砷含量的影响。结果表明 :(1 )不同灌溉方式下砷在土壤中的含量变化规律是重污灌区水浇地和菜地高于污灌混灌区耕地和菜地 ;(2 )土壤中砷含量沿化肥河以排污口为界向下游逐渐增加 ,垂直于河流流向因距河远近、不同土地利用方式也表现出明显的规律性变化特征。     

外源砷、铅在三类紫色土中形态分配与其化学、生物有效性研究

对比研究了酸、中、石灰性紫色土添加砷、铅后其形态分配变化及化学、生物有效性特征.试验表明砷、铅在三种紫色土中形态分配不同,外源砷、铅分配与原始土样本底值有较大差异.从提取能力、生物效应方面比较了几种浸提剂效果,认为用0.5N NaHCO3提取As、2.5%HAc提取Pb可以较好地表征3种紫色土砷、铅的有效量.植物吸收砷、铅与土壤有效量有较好的相关性,但吸收形态却因土而异.试验还证明,As的形态分级中H3BO3可以很好地掩敝F-对比色的干扰.     

蚯蚓对As污染土壤酶活性及其P养分的影响

从湖南石门县的As矿区附近采集不同程度As污染的农田土壤,分别设置添加秸秆、接种蚯蚓等处理,研究蚯蚓对As污染土壤酶活性及其P养分供给的影响。结果发现,高浓度As土壤的脱氢酶活性显著低于中、低浓度As土壤,而酸性磷酸酶活性及有效P含量则与之相反。蚯蚓+20g秸秆处理在50d时脱氢酶活性最高,而酸性磷酸酶活性则是秸秆处理在100d时最高,且接种蚯蚓和施用秸秆有利于土壤P素的释放。结果表明在施用秸秆条件下接种蚯蚓有利于改善As污染土壤的养分供给,从而改善根际营养。     

The potential use of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis for the remediation of arsenic contaminated sites

The sustainable remediation of arsenic (As) contaminated sites requires an understanding of how As alters the biogeochemical processes in soil. Leguminous species are often used in the remediation of contaminated sites because of their capacity to fix nitrogen and enhance site fertility. While excess As is known to reduce the formation of root nodules in legumes, currently, little is known about how the legume-rhizobium symbiosis is affected by high As concentrations. Soybean (Glycine max) cv. Curringa and its rhizobial symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CB1809, were studied in dilute solution culture at As concentrations of 0, 1, 5 and 10 μM. As the As concentration of the nutrient solution increased, greater time was required for inoculated plants to produce root nodules (P=0.001) and the number of root nodules per plant at harvest decreased (P=0.007). Inspection of the soybean roots showed the number of root hairs decreased as the As concentration in the solution increased. The dry weight of soybean roots and shoots decreased significantly as the As concentration of the nutrient solution increased (P<0.05). Inoculated plants had significantly larger dry weights than noninoculated plants (P<0.05) including a 38% greater biomass for inoculated vs. noninoculated plants in the 10 μM As treatment. The increased biomass in inoculated plants could not be explained by improved N nutrition nor decreased As absorption and it is hypothesised that B. japonicum stimulated the growth of soybean via the production of growth-promoting hormones. This is the first reported evidence of rhizobial bacteria promoting the growth of plants at elevated concentrations of a heavy metal via a mechanism other than improved nitrogen nutrition. The potential use of rhizobia as growth-promoting bacteria for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites is an exciting new area of research.     

土壤中硒的形态连续浸提方法的研究

通过改进的连续浸提实验,将富Se土壤中Se的赋存状态分成5种形态:水溶态、可交换态、酸溶态(碳酸盐及铁锰氧化物结合态)、有机物结合态、残渣态,并用HG-AFS法检测了各形态Se和总Se,结果表明,该提取方法的精密度和准确度好,简便﹑可靠易行。     

Characterizing the availability of metals in contaminated soils. II

Abstract. Methods that can be used to determine the distribution of metal species in soil solution are critically reviewed and assessed. They are divided into two groups: those that can provide free ion activity, and those that measure labile species in solution. Ion selective electrodes have long been regarded as a promising technique, but there are practical problems in performing accurate measurements and only the Cu electrode has been used routinely. The Donnan membrane technique is capable of measuring the free ion activity of many metals, but adequate sensitivity can be a problem. Although resin competition methods are versatile, care must be exercised to avoid perturbing the solution excessively. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) measures labile species, so the approximation involved in interpretation as simple inorganic species, from which free ion activities can be derived, should be recognized. Diffusive gradients in thin-films also measures labile species, but it is applicable to a much wider range of metals than ASV. It requires larger volumes of solution, but it can be used directly on the whole soil where it also measures the metal that can be rapidly supplied to solution. Other techniques such as permeable liquid membranes have yet to be used for measurements on soil solution. All of these methods have strength and weaknesses, and measure different aspects of speciation. Knowledge of the availability of the metals to biota is likely to be best advanced by the critical use of one or more of these speciation methods with a thorough understanding of exactly what is being measured.     

磷对土壤As(V)固定与活化的影响

P和As的化学性质相近,在土壤中存在竞争吸附的关系,因而土壤中P浓度增加可能会影响As的固定和活化。本文通过等温吸附和浸提实验,模拟施P对黄棕壤中As固定和活化的影响。实验结果表明,提高溶液P浓度能够减少土壤对As的吸持能力,并增加As从土壤中的解吸量。在P浓度较低的情况下,这种影响尤其显著,As的解吸量与P浓度成极显著的线性相关关系。因此,不能忽视施用P肥对土壤As活化和迁移的影响。持续增加溶液的P浓度时,这种影响的程度逐渐减弱,可能与土壤中存在不同类型的吸附位有关。     

粉煤灰对污染土壤中铜镉的稳定化

采用批衡量吸附和室内培养实验,考察了粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线及0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%用量的粉煤灰对土壤pH、有效态Cu和Cd、以及5种化学形态Cu和Cd分布的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线均可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,其对Cu的最大吸附量(9.90 mg/g)高于对Cd的最大吸附量(9.43 mg/g)。随着粉煤灰用量的增加,土壤pH显著增加,有效态Cu和Cd显著降低。同时,粉煤灰处理显著降低了离子交换态Cu和Cd含量,增加了铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和Cd含量,降低了Cu和Cd活性,使活性态Cu和Cd逐渐向潜在活性态和非活性态转化。其中培养60天后,2%处理的粉煤灰处理较对照pH提高了0.44个单位,离子交换态Cu和Cd分别降低了35.7%和35.9%。因此,粉煤灰能够有效吸附Cu和Cd,显著降低土壤有效态和离子交换态Cu和Cd的含量,在重金属稳定化修复应用中具有较好的应用前景。