Is the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) two species? Genetic analysis reveals within‐species divergence associated with plain and spotted morphotype frequencies

The ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) is a marine fish belonging to the family Labridae characterized by 2 main morphotypes that occur in sympatry: spotty and plain. Previous studies have revealed differences in their life‐history traits, such as growth and maturation; however, the genetic relationship between forms is presently unknown. Using 20 recently developed microsatellite markers, we conducted a genetic analysis of 41 and 48 spotty and plain ballan wrasse collected in Galicia (northwest Spain). The 2 morphotypes displayed highly significant genetic differences to each other (F_ST = 0.018, P < 0.0001). A similar degree of genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.025, P < 0.0001) was shown using the STRUCTURE clustering approach with no priors at K = 2. In this case, the frequency of spotty and plain morphotypes was significantly different (χ² = 9.46, P = 0.002). It is concluded that there is significant genetic heterogeneity within this species, which appears to be highly associated with the spotty and plain forms, but not completely explained by them. Given the previously demonstrated biological differences between morphotypes, and the present genetic analyses, we speculate about the convenience of a taxonomic re‐evaluation of this species.     

松嫩平原黑土核心区土壤砷空间变异特征及污染评价

基于多目标区域地球化学调查数据,采用地统计分析与GIS空间分析方法,对松嫩平原黑土核心区土壤As含量进行冷热点分析和空间变异特征分析,运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对研究区土壤As污染进行了评价。结果表明:研究区土壤As含量范围在2.1～107.7 mg/kg,平均含量9.09 mg/kg,略高于黑龙江省松嫩平原土壤As含量背景值;土壤As高值聚类区主要分布在呼兰河上游,低值聚类区主要分布在呼兰河下游和松花江流域;土壤As含量具有强烈的空间自相关性,以结构性变异为主,空间分布受成土母质、水系等因素影响显著;研究区98.52%的地区为无污染的状态,99.88%的地区为低潜在生态风险。建议通过改善农业耕作方式、调整种植结构、减少农药和化肥使用量等人为因素来减缓土壤中As含量增加的趋势。     

干制牡蛎营养成分分析及其提取工艺的建立

为了探究近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)中铝(Al)的形态分布,利用化学连续浸提法结合电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对近江牡蛎总Al质量分数及Al存在形态进行初步研究,并对4种浸提液的浸提条件进行优化。结果显示,其优化参数为0.5 mol·L^–1氯化钾溶液70 mL浸提2 h,去离子水70 mL浸提2 h,4 mol·L^–1盐酸溶液70 mL浸提2 h,浓硝酸70 mL浸提2 h。此条件下,近江牡蛎整体中Al形态存在有机铝<铝离子(Al³⁺)<水溶态铝<氢氧化铝 [Al(OH)₃]<难溶态铝的分布规律,约77.36%的Al以难溶态存在,毒性较大的无机Al主要以Al(OH)₃的形态存在,占总Al的15.87%。通过模拟胃肠消化环境,测定近江牡蛎中Al的溶出率,模拟胃液可溶出Al占总Al的8.16%~32.11%,说明由于胃液的酸性和酶的作用,近江牡蛎中的Al在胃液中形态发生变化。     

土壤矿物质吸附砷的研究进展

砷是一种有毒的重金属元素,由于自然和人为的原因,世界上的许多国家存在砷污染问题,因此有关砷污染的研究与控制日益受到人们的关注。本文介绍了土壤砷污染的产生原因及污染状况,重点集中在探讨土壤中的各种矿物质对砷吸附行为的作用机理。这些矿物质包括铁铝氧化物和氢氧化物、锰氧化物、黏土矿物和碳酸盐类。关于砷在各类矿物质上的吸附机理,普遍接受的观点认为:砷氧阴离子与矿物质的表面发生了配位体交换过程并通过共价键的作用,形成了表面配位体。表面配位体以内层双齿双核鳌合形式为主,受矿物质的种类、pH值和氧化还原电位等因素的影响,外层吸附和其他鳌合状态可能存在。砷在土壤矿物质上的吸附效果强烈依赖于体系的pH值,这与吸附的理论模型和数学计算结果相一致。矿物质的种类、组成、结晶状态和表面积等影响了砷的吸附过程和吸附效果。土壤中存在的各种阴阳离子通过与砷阴离子竞争吸附位而影响砷在矿物质上的吸附。     

宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染研究

通过野外采样和实验室分析,在分析土壤基本理化性质的基础上,重点研究宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中重金属元素的含量和形态特征,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr的平均含量分别为31.8、41.3、102.6、704.6、14.4、37.4、83.2mg·kg-1,均高于陕西省和全国土壤元素背景值,尤其是Cu、Pb和Zn。土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr主要以残余态的形式存在,Pb、Mn和Co主要以可还原态和残余态的形式存在,重金属的迁移顺序为Mn（63.91%）〉Pb（60.08%）〉Co（51.70%）〉N（i37.12%）〉Zn（32.09%）〉C（r30.58%）〉Cu（19.95%）,其中,Mn、Pb和Co有50%~65%可以发生迁移,易被生物体利用,危害较大。评价结果表明,宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤主要受到了Pb的轻度污染。     

盘州市三大茶区土壤重金属和砷的监测与评价

为了研究盘州市老厂、火铺、保基3个乡镇土壤中铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)5种重金属和砷(As)的浓度及污染水平,用多点采集混合法制得72份土样进行测定、分析。结果表明,盘州市三大茶区大部分的土壤质量符合无公害茶园土壤环境标准,但个别区域因重金属和砷的含量较高,不宜种植无公害有机茶叶。火铺、老厂2个乡镇茶区土壤的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数均<1,表明其土壤未受到重金属和砷的污染,属安全、清洁水平;保基乡茶园土壤因重金属(Cd)单项污染指数>1,综合污染指数介于0.7～1.0之间,即茶区土壤和作物已被重金属(Cd)轻度污染,综合污染级别属警戒范围。     

Variability and relationships between Pb,Cu, and Zn concentrations in soil solutions and forest floor leachates at heavily polluted sites

Seasonal variability of Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in litter leachates and soil solutions was examined in an afforested zone surrounding a copper smelter in SW Poland. Litter leachates (with zero‐tension lysimeters) and soil solutions (with MacroRhizon suction‐cup samplers, installed at a depth of 25–30 cm) were collected monthly at three sites differing in contamination levels in the years 2009 and 2010 (total Cu: 2380, 439, and 200 mg kg^–1, respectively). Concentrations of Cu in the litter leachate were correlated with dissolved organic C (DOC), whereas Zn and Pb were mainly related to leachate pH. Metal concentrations in the soil solution were weakly influenced by their total content in soils and the monthly fluctuations reached 300, 600, and 700% for Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Metal concentrations in soil solutions (Cu 110–460 μg L^–1; Zn 20–1190 μg L^–1; Pb 0.5–36 μg L^–1) were correlated with their contents in the litter leachates. Chemical speciation, using Visual Minteq 3.0, proved organically‐complexed forms even though the correlations between metal concentrations and soil solution pH and DOC were statistically insignificant. The flux of organically‐complexed metals from contaminated forest floors is believed to be a direct and crucial factor affecting the actual heavy metal concentrations and their forms in the soil solutions of the upper mineral soil horizons.     

发生氢化物－原子吸收光谱法测定树叶中痕量砷的研究

该文研究的用ＫＩ－ＶＣ预还原ＨＡＡＳ直接测定树叶中痕量砷的分析方法，测定工厂多种树叶中砷的含量，并同时与无污染区同类树种进行对比．这对于工厂正确选择抗污染绿化树种，净化空气，美化环境提供了科学依据．     

3种质地土壤上As胁迫对小麦灌浆期旗叶光合特性的影响

为了深入探讨壤土、黏土、沙土3种主要农田土壤质地条件下As胁迫对小麦的影响差异,研究了小麦灌浆期的根长、分蘖、分生根数目、干物质量等形态指标及旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)、叶绿素含量等光合特性指标。结果表明:当As≤15 mg/kg时,小麦受到的胁迫作用不明显;当As≥30 mg/kg时,小麦则开始呈现出根长降低,分生根数目减少等明显的胁迫效应。当As≥30 mg/kg时,在壤土和黏土条件下生长的小麦根长较长,分生根数目较多,并且小麦旗叶的Pn、Gs、Ci、WUE、叶绿素相对含量较沙土条件下高。As胁迫对3种质地土壤上小麦植株干物质量影响不同,壤土上As≥30 mg/kg时、黏土上则As≥45 mg/kg时及沙土上各处理As胁迫下,小麦干物质量出现明显降低。总的来说,壤土和黏土条件可以在一定程度上缓解小麦所受到的As胁迫作用,而沙土对As胁迫缓解效果较差。因此,选择适宜的土壤质地种植小麦,能有效缓解As对小麦植株的胁迫作用。