磷酸铵在三种典型土壤中的转化及其有效性

研究了磷酸二氢铵(MAP)和磷酸氢二铵(DAP)在3种典型土壤中的转化,并评价了其有效性.结果表明:施用磷酸铵可改变肥际微域土壤的pH值,并且这种效应可持续几个月;MAP在黑土中,反应产物主要为Al-P,占38.8%,其次为Fe-P,占12%;在潮土中,Ca_2-P是主要形态,占34%,其次为Ca_8-P,占28%;在水稻土中,We-P是主要形态,占50%以上,其次为Ca_2-P,占20%.在黑土中We-P在DAP处理中所占的比例较MAP处理中高,而Al-P和Fe-P所占的比例正好与之相反;在最初的10 d里,We-P下降显著,随反应时间延长,DAP和MAP处理间We-P所占的比例差异减小;MAP在水稻土中的有效性最高,其次是潮土和黑土;在黑土中DAP的有效性较MAP要好,MAP主要转化成了Al-P.     

Phosphorus speciation of forest‐soil organic surface layers using P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy

The phosphorus (P) speciation of organic surface layers from two adjacent German forest soils with different degree of water‐logging (Stagnosol, Rheic Histosol) was analyzed by P K‐edge XANES and subsequent Linear Combination Fitting. In both soils, ≈ 70% of the P was inorganic phosphate and ≈ 30% organic phosphate; reduced P forms such as phosphonate were absent. The increased degree of water‐logging in the Histosol compared to the Stagnosol did not affect P speciation.     

春根藤微量元素初级形态分析

[目的]对春根藤微量元素的初级形态进行分析。[方法]采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了春根藤中Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn的含量,并进行初级形态研究。[结果]春根藤中Ca含量最高,其次为Fe、Mg、Mn、Cr、Cu;Mg的溶出率最高,为49.62%。[结论]该研究可为进一步探讨微量元素与中药药效之间的关系提供参考。     

体积排阻高效液相色谱—电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定紫菜中镉(Cd)的形态

运用体积排阻高效液相色谱—电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了紫菜中Cd的存在形态,结果发现,在紫菜水提取液中检测到3种Cd形态,根据其保留时间确定为植物螯合肽(PC)₃-Cd、谷胱甘肽(GSH)-Cd和1种未知小分子有机态Cd,结合体外全仿生消化技术,研究了在唾液、胃、肠无机物和有机物(含消化酶)作用下,紫菜中Cd的主要存在形态,分析发现在紫菜胃全仿生提取液中,检测到2种未知小分子有机态Cd,其中以保留时间为24.2 min的Cd形态为主要存在形态。在肠全仿生提取液中检测到2种Cd形态,其中(PC)₃-Cd是主要存在形态。有关(PC)₃-Cd在生物体内的代谢规律还需进一步研究。实验确证了Cd在紫菜中的主要有机形态,为紫菜食用安全风险评价提供重要依据。     

富硒毛竹笋食用安全性评价

通过对富硒毛竹笋中硒形态分布、重金属含量以及硒含量控制等方面进行研究,对富硒毛竹笋进行食用安全性评价。结果表明,富硒毛竹笋中硒形态主要为蛋白结合态硒,安全且利用效率高;重金属含量在安全标准以内,没有出现重金属富集的情况;施硒肥浓度为1.5 mg/mL培育的富硒竹笋,可作为一种安全、高效的补硒食品。     

The Tolerance Index and Translocation Factor were Used to Identify the Barley Genotypes with High Arsenic Stress Tolerance

Ninety-four barley genotypes were used to investigate the genotypic differences in arsenic (As) uptake and translocation and their relationships with As tolerance index (TI) and translocation factor (TF). Two As treatments (300 µM and 500 µM) were applied in the initial screening and the confirmatory experiments, respectively. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in tissue biomass, shoot height, root length, As TI and TF among genotypes. Based on As TI, 11 barley genotypes were selected and divided into 3 groups, i.e. tolerant, mildly tolerant and sensitive. There was more As uptake in the roots of the As tolerant genotypes, while the As sensitive genotypes contained more As in shoots, which was further proved by the greater TF. Significantly negative correlation was observed between shoot and root As concentration. The results showed that As tolerant genotypes are able to restrict the upward movement of As, thus developing their tolerance.     

Sorption,Release and Forms of Mercury in Contaminated Soils Stabilized with Water Treatment Residual Nanoparticles

This study was carried out to assess, for the first time, the effect of water treatment residual nanoparticles (nWTR) on mobility, fractionation and speciation of Hg in two arid zone soils. Nanoscale water treatment residual application markedly reduced cumulative Hg released from soils studied, with the effect increasing as the nWTR application rate increases. The power function kinetic model well described the desorption process from soils and soils with nWTR. Meanwhile, application of nWTR greatly increased the association of Hg with the residual fraction and increased the most stable Hg species (Hg (OH)₂ amor), which in turn enhanced Hg immobilization in the studied soils. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the involvement of nWTR in the retention of Hg (II) and revealed that sorption occurred mainly through OH groups, which suggest inner‐sphere adsorption of Hg ions to surface functional groups on nWTR. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using a green and low‐cost nWTR as best management practice to retain and immobilize excess Hg in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

酸雨淋溶条件下赤泥中重金属在土壤中的迁移特性及其潜在危害

为探讨在气候特征较特殊区域的赤泥堆场溃坝后,赤泥中重金属对土壤及地下水的影响,以我国普遍存在的联合法赤泥为研究对象开展土柱模拟实验。结果表明:赤泥经酸雨淋溶后,溶出的As、Cr、Cd、V、Mo 5种重金属主要累积在表层(0~20 cm)土壤中,平均浓度分别达到17.71、42.31、0.79、57.77、29.76 mg·kg-1,与原始浓度相比分别增加了5.83、1.36、2.21、2.34、1.89倍;Pb与Zn在0~60 cm深度土壤累积明显,平均浓度分别达到18.67、58.52 mg·kg-1,分别增加了8.76、3.86倍,Cu、Ni在土壤中含量有微量增加,累积现象不明显;赤泥经酸雨淋溶后,As、Ni酸可提取态平均占比较高,可迁移性强,Cu、Cr、Mo主要以可氧化态和可还原态存在,Pb、Zn、V主要以可还原态存在,具有较大的潜在迁移性;渗滤液中仅检出较低浓度的Mo、V、Pb、Cu,说明赤泥经酸雨淋溶后,溶出的重金属主要滞留在土壤中,对土壤造成较大的潜在危害。     

Distribution and Speciation of Chromium and Cadmium in an Organic and Inorganic Fertilized Chernozem

Fertilizers are widely applied in agricultural practice to improve crop yield and quality. However, they can also alter the behavior of soil pollutants. A field experiment was conducted on a chernozem in Heilongjiang Province, China. Various proportions of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and organic (manure) fertilizers were applied. Soil samples were collected four times over 2 years, and the total concentrations and speciation of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) were analyzed. Inorganic fertilizer addition had little effect on the total concentration of Cr and Cd, while organic fertilizer addition reduced the total concentrations of both Cr and Cd. Inorganic fertilizers increased the concentration of Cr in the exchangeable form, but decreased that of the residual form (P < 0.05). Addition of inorganic or organic fertilizer alone decreased concentrations of exchangeable Cd (P < 0.05), but the combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers had the opposite effect. High concentration of total Cd exceeding the upper limits of the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils proposed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China could result in an environmental risk, and fertilizer application could lower that risk. Results of risk assessment code calculated as the percentage of the sum of metal concentrations in the exchangeable and carbonate-associated form in total metal concentration showed that Cr and Cd risks were lowered when organic fertilizer was applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Our study highlighted that organic fertilizer should be applied alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers to lower the environmental risks of Cr and Cd pollution in the chernozem.     

Screening of Basmati Rice Varieties for their Arsenic Accumulation in Punjab,North-West India

A pot study was conducted to screen different basmati rice varieties for their accumulation of arsenic (As). Different amounts of arsenic (0–800 µg/L) were applied through irrigation water to four basmati rice varieties (Pusa basmati-1121, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Punjab basmati-2, and Punjab basmati-3). Highest arsenic concentration was found in the grains of Punjab basmati-3 and lowest in the grains of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509. In all varieties, grain As concentration ranged from 0.038 to 0.288 mg/kg, which was within the permissible limit of 1.0 mg/kg in rice grain recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). In husk, highest As concentration was found in Pusa basmati-1121 and lowest in Punjab basmati-2. Among the four varieties, highest content of As was accumulated in roots and straw of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, whereas least was accumulated in Punjab basmati-2. The distribution of arsenic among plant parts was found in the order: roots > straw > husk > grain. The mean arsenic concentrations in grain, husk, straw, and root of basmati rice varieties increased with increasing concentration of arsenic in irrigation water. Highest grain yield was obtained in Pusa Punjab basmati-1509 variety due to lesser accumulation of arsenic compared with other varieties. Rice yield, plant height, root weight, straw weight, test weight, effective tiller, and filled grain per panicle decreased with increase in arsenic concentration in irrigated water.