外来入侵杂草——假臭草

假臭草[Praxelis clematidea(Grisebach)King et Robinson]属于菊科(Compositae/Asteraceae)植物,原产南美,现入侵亚洲和大洋州等地,入侵各种生境后对生态系统生物多样性及其农业生产造成严重影响,属于区域性恶性杂草。本文介绍和评述了假臭草的植物学特征及分布、主要危害、研究现状、管理对策和防除措施等,并建议积极开展假臭草入侵机制的研究。     

Toward estimating the value of stewardship volunteers: A cost-based valuation approach in King County,Washington, USA

Urban forestry professionals are increasingly challenged to find cost-effective strategies for resource conservation and management. Many organizations partner with citizen groups to host events that enlist volunteers to perform stewardship tasks like tree planting and trail maintenance. These volunteer programs incur costs to both the managing agency and partners, such as staffing, tools, and transportation. Volunteers contribute uncompensated time and expertise. Little is known about these contributions, yet citizen stewards and host groups represent an important human dimension of urban forest management. Using a survey administered to volunteers and host organizations at restoration events in King County Parks, WA, USA, we developed a cost-based approach to estimate the value of stewardship activities that occurred in the spring field season of 2011. Expenditures included volunteer and event host time and direct cost of traveling to and from events, on-site labor, equipment, and preparation costs. Results suggest that contributions made by volunteers and hosts are significant; the combined costs associated with the 17 sampled events was approximately $35,700. These efforts represent a small subset of the more than 1000 volunteer environmental stewardship activities that take place annually in King County.     

云南铁壳麦D染色体组SSR标记遗传多样性研究

为进一步研究云南铁壳麦D染色体组的遗传变异,利用分布于D染色体上的29对SSR引物对31份云南铁壳麦进行了遗传多样性分析,其中22个位点具有多态性,共扩增出60个等位位点,每个引物扩增出1～4个,平均2.1个。等位变异较人工合成麦及二倍体材料(平均2.4个)和育成品种(平均2.2个)低,但较地方品种(平均1.9个)丰富;多态性信息指数变幅为0～0.639,平均为0.217;等位变异2D>5D>1D=3D>7D>4D=6D;云南铁壳麦平均遗传相似系数为0.749,变幅在0.231～1,与人工合成麦及二倍体材料之间的遗传距离较远,与育成品种间的遗传距离最近。根据遗传相似系数云南铁壳麦可划分为11大类群,类群与变种和来源地都不相一致。     

热研4号王草对不同有机磷活化利用能力的评价

本研究以热研4号王草(Pennisetum purpureum×P. glaucum cv. Reyan No. 4)为材料,通过砂培试验评价其对4种有机磷的利用能力。结果表明,王草对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、一磷酸腺苷(AMP)和6-磷酸葡萄糖(G6P)均具有利用能力,且对磷酸单酯类(AMP和G6P)的利用能力更强。酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性分析表明,有机磷处理使王草根系内源与分泌的总ACP活性显著增加0.9倍以上,但王草对有机磷的利用能力与根系总ACP活性无相关性。进一步分析发现,王草根系分泌特异ACP活性与不同有机磷处理的植株干重显著正相关,相关系数R^2=0.861。综上所述,本研究发现王草对不同类型有机磷的利用能力主要由其根系分泌的特异ACP活性决定。研究结果可为选育磷高效热带牧草品种提供理论依据。     

Filtration of king scallops (Pecten maximus)

Filtration rates of hatchery-reared king scallop (Pecten maximus L.) juveniles, fed a single species alga diet (Pavlova lutheri (Droop) Green), were measured at a range of temperatures (6–21 °C). Weight specific filtration rate (ml min⁻¹ g⁻¹ (live weight)) of juveniles of a selected size range of 17–19 mm shell height (0.26–0.36 g live weight) increased with temperature above 16 °C and decreased below 11 °C, but was not significantly different between these two temperatures. Measurements at 16 °C using juveniles with a wider size range of 10–25 mm shell height (0.05–0.8 g live weight) gave the allometric equation: filtration rate (ml min⁻¹)=12.19×weight (g)^0.887. Filtration rate decreased significantly when the cell concentration was greater than 200 cells μl⁻¹ (4.25 mg (organic weight) l⁻¹). With six other algae food species, filtration rates similar to those with P. lutheri were only achieved with Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano. All other algae species tested were cleared from suspension at significantly lower rates. Experiments with diet mixtures of P. lutheri and these other algae suggested that this was usually a reflection of lowered filtration activity, rather than pre-ingestive rejection of cells. In experimental outdoor nursery rearing systems, the filtration rate was inversely proportional to the concentration of cells in the inflow, in the range 5–210 cells μl⁻¹. It was not affected by flow rate (2–130 l h⁻¹, equivalent to 0.12–28.38 l h⁻¹ g⁻¹ (live weight)) with scallop juveniles stocked from 2 to 62 g l⁻¹. The results are discussed in relation to on-growing scallops at field sites.     

Haemoglobin and oxygen transport of the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson, and other species

To better understand the possible role of deoxygenation of haemoglobin in the pathogenesis of exophthalmos in the West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum Richardson, some oxygen transport properties of haemoglobin from this species were determined and compared with haemoglobin from black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro), snapper, Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider) and King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctata (Cuvier). Dhufish had a single haemoglobin with a pronounced Root effect. Snapper and black bream blood had six and five types of haemoglobin, respectively. The magnitude of the Root effect of haemoglobins in the haemolysate was demonstrated by comparing oxygenation and total deoxygenation at pH 8 with relative deoxygenation at pH 6.9. Dhufish haemoglobin demonstrated a large Root effect, with the Root effect of King George whiting, snapper and black bream being of lesser magnitude. Deoxygenation of all haemolysates was more pronounced in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Seasonal changes in haematological parameters and ATP content of dhufish blood were not evident. The Root effect is discussed in the context of its possible role in oxygen supply to the retina and adaptation to the fish's habitat and the environment.     

山东植物新记录——细齿大戟EuphorbiabifidaHook．＆Arn．（Euphorbiaceae）

报道了山东省大戟属植物的一个新记录——细齿大戟EuphorbiabifidaHook．etArn．（Euphorbiaceae）。总结了萁辨识特征、分布及与其近绦种的区别。     

Control of bacterial yellowing of cardoncello mushroom Pleurotus eryngii using acetic or hydrochloric acid solutions

Yellowing or bacteriosis is the most severe disease of Pleurotus eryngii, the mushroom commonly called “cardoncello” or “Ferula mushroom” in Italy. Two cropping cycles were performed with five commercial strains, to find out how acetic acid or hydrochloric acid solutions can be used to prevent or stop the disease. Pseudomonas “reactans” and other fluorescent Pseudomonads were consistently isolated from symptomatic basidiomata. The Colony-Forming-Units of total bacteria, fluorescent Pseudomonads and fungi, found in casing soil at the end of both experiments, were significantly lower in substrate bags treated with either of the two acidic solutions. This research showed that treatments with acetic acid – and to a lesser extent hydrochloric acid solutions – can reduce the spread and severity of P. eryngii yellowing.     

“黑金刚”土豆总黄酮提取动力学研究

研究“黑金刚”土豆总黄酮提取过程的动态变化,为“黑金刚”土豆黄酮提取工艺提供理论依据。对超声波辅助提取“黑金刚”土豆总黄酮数据采用OriginPro7．5软件按二阶指数方程衰减式y=A1e^x/t1＋A2e^x/t1拟合。结果表明,二阶指数方程衰减式拟合曲线能很好反映原始数据点的变化趋势,总黄酮提取率预测值与试验值也非常接近,表明其能正确反映提取时间和提取率的关系。拟合方程合理,拟合方法简单易行,可以为“黑金刚”土豆总黄酮的提取工艺研究提供理论依据。     

Reducing oxidative browning during in vitro establishment of Protea cynaroides

Oxidative browning is one of the reasons why Protea cynaroides is not being extensively propagated via tissue culture techniques. The reduction of oxidative browning was best achieved by stirring the explants for 1 h in an antioxidant solution mixture containing 100 mg l⁻¹ ascorbic acid and 1500 mg l⁻¹ citric acid before inserting them into the medium. In combination with this antioxidant solution, in vitro establishment was highly successful where 100% bud growth was achieved by explants growing under 16 h photoperiod.