The role of wildlife tourism in conservation of endangered species: Implications of safari tourism for conservation of the Arctic fox in Sweden

There are both positive and negative impacts on wildlife associated with wildlife tourism. In Sweden, the endangered Arctic fox is subject to a growing tourist interest. In the Helags mountain region there are guided Arctic fox safari tours that provide visitors with information about the Arctic fox. A survey of five separate groups of visitors in the region revealed that knowledge about the status of Arctic foxes and awareness of the behavioral guidelines for Arctic fox encounters improved after participation in a safari tour and with increasing Arctic fox interaction. We propose a schematic model summarizing the diverse ways in which wildlife tourism affects wildlife and their relative importance for conservation. The Arctic fox population in Sweden is small and sensitive to disturbance, but the positive impacts of Arctic fox tourism seem to compensate for the negative and contribute to their conservation under the current level of tourism pressure.     

海况条件对海水养殖网箱性能的影响

根据１９８９－１９９年自行设计制作的网箱在海区中的使用情况,介绍了浮式网箱和浮沉式网箱的结构和设置方法,并就潮流,波浪等海况条件对网箱性能的影响进行了研究,阐述了纲索、风铱,网线等网箱材料的安全负荷和使用规格。     

二氧化氯在海洋馆水处理中的应用研究

应用二氧化氯代替次氯酸钠进行消毒杀菌试验，找出了二氧化氯的最佳投量。研究结果表明：在人造海水维生系统的水体中，二氧化氯浓度维持在0．03－0．05mg/L，能有效改善水质和预防海洋动物疾病，且不伤害维生系统的功能，是一种优良的替代消毒剂。     

印度洋西北部海域鸢乌贼渔场与海洋环境因子关系的初步分析

根据2003年9-11月在印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼资源的探捕生产情况,分海区初步分析了海洋环境因子与中心渔场之间的关系。调查表明,10月中下旬中心渔场分布在15°～16°N、61°E附近海域,平均日产均在5t以上。中心作业渔场处在冷水涡的边缘海域,其温盐结构如下:表温为27～29℃,盐度为35.96～36.03,0～100m的温度梯度为0.07℃/m,100～200m的温度梯度为0.04℃/m。100m的水温、盐度范围分别为19.5～23℃、35.70～35.80。各海域的作业渔场,其最适表温不同。在2°N～14°N海域,高产量出现在表温26.4～27.0℃间海域;在14°N～18°N海域,高产量出现在26.7～29.0℃间海域。     

The importance of environment and life stage on interpretation of silky shark relative abundance indices for the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Recent large fluctuations in an index of relative abundance for the silky shark in the eastern Pacific Ocean have called into question its reliability as a population indicator for management. To investigate whether these fluctuations were driven by environmental forcing rather than true changes in abundance, a Pacific‐wide approach was taken. Data collected by observers aboard purse‐seine vessels fishing in the equatorial Pacific were used to compute standardized trends in relative abundance by region, and where possible, by shark size category as a proxy for life stage. These indices were compared to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), an index of Pacific Ocean climate variability. Correlation between silky indices and the PDO was found to differ by region and size category. The highest correlations by shark size category were for small (<90 cm total length [TL]) and medium (90–150 cm TL) sharks from the western region of the equatorial eastern Pacific (EP) and from the equatorial western Pacific. This correlation disappeared in the inshore EP. Throughout, correlations with the PDO were generally lower for large silky sharks (>150 cm TL). These results are suggestive of changes in the small and medium silky indices being driven by movement of juvenile silky sharks across the Pacific as the eastern edge of the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool shifts location with ENSO events. Lower correlation of the PDO with large shark indices may indicate that those indices were less influenced by environmental forcing and therefore potentially less biased with respect to monitoring population trends.     

Putting the pieces together: Recent growth,nutritional condition,and mortality of Engraulis anchoita larvae in the Southwest Atlantic

Dynamics of clupeiform fish populations such as anchovy are frequently impacted by environmental variations which can affect the success of the species recruitment. Herein, we have analyzed recent otolith growth rate, RNA/DNA nutritional condition index (sRD), and mortality rate of argentine anchovy larvae Engraulis anchoita from three different nursery areas in the Southwest Atlantic. We have evaluated the relationship between the environmental variables (abundance of copepod nauplii, temperature, chlorophyll‐a concentration, and abundance of E. anchoita larvae) and larval endogenous variables (size, weight, age, and otolith radius) to sRD and recent growth rate. Fast larval growth rates were observed toward the northern sector of the studied area, characterized by higher temperature. High values of sRD were associated with higher nauplii abundance in the proximity of coastal fronts. The larvae with the lowest growths and lowest minimum values of nutritional condition coincided with the area where there was less abundance of nauplii and higher larval mortality. Larval size and nauplii abundance were positive explanatory factors for both recent growth rate and sRD index. Temperature had a positive effect on recent growth rate and a negative effect on sRD index. This condition index was poorly explained in terms of model fit in comparison with the growth model. The results herein provided could be significant to better understand the recruitment of the species, as to determining favorable areas for the growth and survival of anchovy larvae.     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石微结构及生长特性

根据我国鱿钓船2007、2008和2010年在西南大西洋作业期间采集的3462尾阿根廷滑柔鱼样本(其中2007年308尾、2008年262尾、2010年2 892尾),测量了491枚耳石外部形态参数和耳石重量(雌性274枚、雄性217枚),结合耳石的日轮,对耳石微结构及其生长特性进行了研究。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石的生长纹由明暗相间的环纹组成,耳石中心为黑色,呈水滴形;从核心到侧区边缘,轮纹宽度由窄至宽,亮度由明至暗;侧区到北区边缘,轮纹则由宽至窄,亮度由暗至明。根据生长纹的宽度和颜色的明暗,可将整个耳石分为3个区域,即后核心区、暗区、外围区。不同群体间耳石总长(TSL)和最大宽度(MW)的生长存在显著性差异,但性别间无差异。冬季产卵群TSL和MW的生长适合用线性函数表示,秋季产卵群则适合用对数函数表示。耳石重量(SW)的生长存在群体和性别间差异,冬季产卵群雌、雄个体SW的生长分别适合用幂函数和指数函数表示,秋季产卵群则分别适合用指数函数和对数函数表示。两个群体的TSL、MW、绝对生长率和相对生长率都随着日龄的增加而先增加后减小,而SW的绝对生长率则随着年龄增加而增加,相对生长率则随着年龄增加而先增加后减小。同一年龄段内冬季产卵群的绝对和相对生长率基本上都大于秋季产卵群,雌性个体的绝对和相对生长率要大于雄性个体。     

Nonrandom distribution of chum salmon stocks in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean estimated using mitochondrial DNA microarray

More than 1,000 age-identified chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta collected at 23 stations in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean in June to July 2003 were used to estimate their origin of stocks using a DNA microarray developed for analyzing the mitochondrial (mt)DNA haplotypes. The observed haplotype distribution was nearly the same as that reported previously for fish collected in September 2002 and 2003 in the present surveyed areas. A conditional maximum-likelihood method for estimation of stock compositions indicated that the Japanese stocks mainly distributed in north central Bering Sea, whereas the Russian stocks were mainly in western Bering Sea. The North American stocks were abundant in eastern Bering Sea and around the Aleutian Islands. Such an area-specific stock composition was not significantly different between mature and immature fish. Thus, the combined results of 2 years suggest that the distribution of chum salmon is nonrandom in the surveyed areas in summer and autumn, and that fish of the same origin migrate together to the same area irrespective of age.     

中东太平洋公海金枪鱼延绳钓误捕海龟的观察和分析

根据2006年2－11月科学观察员对热带东太平洋公海海域(05°N～10°S,134° W~173°W)金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的调查,期间共投钩223次(天),误捕到绿海龟、蠵龟、丽龟、玳瑁和棱皮龟5种共22尾,死亡海龟13尾。从海龟误捕率看,平均每次尾数为0.098 65。平均每千钩尾数0.037 40。从海龟的钩获部位看,喙(嘴)上钩占41.0%,躯干部位上钩占13.6%,喉部上钩占13.6%,前肢上钩占18.2%,主绳缠绕被捕获占13.6%。海龟的误捕区域位于04°S以北海域,几乎可全年捕获。此外分析了不同钩位误捕海龟的数量,探讨了影响误捕率和死亡率的因素,提出保护对策。     

渔获量不确定性对印度洋大眼金枪鱼资源评估的影响

大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)是最具经济价值的热带金枪鱼类,其资源状况一直是区域性金枪鱼渔业管理组织关注的重点。由于多种渔业作业、捕捞船队构成复杂,印度洋大眼金枪鱼的历史渔获量统计存在一定的偏差(Bias),但国际上近些年开展资源评估时都忽略了这一偏差。本研究根据1979~2015年的年渔获量、年龄结构渔获量及相对丰度指数数据,运用年龄结构资源评估模型(ASAP)对印度洋大眼金枪鱼资源进行评估,重点考查渔获量的不确定性(观测误差和统计偏差)对资源评估结果的影响。结果显示,印度洋大眼金枪鱼当前资源总体没有过度捕捞,但2015年初显示轻微的过度捕捞,通过对比基础模型与8个灵敏度分析模型的评估结果发现,渔获量观测误差(CV)的预设对资源开发状态的判断有一定的影响。当渔获量统计偏差调整量为15%时(即历史渔获量被低估了),评估结果与基础模型基本一致;统计偏差调整量为20%时,评估结果有过度捕捞的趋势。本研究结果表明,资源评估模型中渔获量观测误差的设定和历史渔获量统计偏差均会对评估结果产生影响,后者更为明显,因此,二者均不能忽略。