《中西太平洋高度洄游鱼类种群养护和管理公约》对我国金枪鱼渔业影响的探讨

《中西太平洋高度洄游鱼类种群养护和管理公约》(以下简称《公约》)已经生效,中西太平洋渔业委员会也将开始正式运作。中西太平洋是金枪鱼类的最大渔场,《公约》的生效,必将对中西太平洋地区高度洄游鱼类种群的养护和管理产生重要影响。为此,在简要介绍《公约》背景、主要内容、我国在该海域金枪鱼渔业现状的基础上,分析了《公约》对我国的几点主要影响,如发展规模的限制、船旗国责任的加大和生产成本的增加等,并给出了主要的对策与建议:合理规划,加强科学研究;健全法规,加强管理及培训;积极参与,密切合作。     

中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼随附鱼群区域温度垂直结构的构建与初步分析

利用梯度依赖相关尺度方法,基于Argo实时观测剖面,以点对点的形式进行中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼随附鱼群区域温度垂直结构的构建实验,并在验证该方法有效性的基础上初步分析了捕捞点的温度垂直结构特征。结果表明,与传统方法相比,构建的温度垂直剖面的均方根误差明显减小,在跃层深度处两者相差最大达0.45℃,且构建的温度剖面与实际观测值的温度偏差除跃层处较大(约为±0.5℃)外,其余水层基本接近为零。2017年8月的统计分析结果表明,中西太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼在近表层(5 m)的适宜温度范围为28.5~29.5℃,且随着深度的增加,温度逐渐降低,至300 m处,适宜温度范围约为11.0~12.0℃。各个捕捞点均存在明显的温跃层,对应的平均温跃层上、下界深度和跃层强度分别约为80 m、270 m、0.08℃/m,跃层强度与渔获量近似呈正比关系。这些结论进一步验证了该方法的可靠性,同时表明本文方法可以为构建渔业捕捞点上的次表层信息提供技术支持。     

Temperature response of soil organic matter mineralisation in arctic soil profiles

Soil organic matter (SOM) in arctic and boreal soils is the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon. Increased SOM mineralisation under increased temperature has the potential to induce a massive release of CO₂. Precise parameterisation of the response of arctic soils to increased temperatures is therefore crucial for correctly simulating our future climate. Here, we investigated the temperature response of SOM mineralisation in eight arctic soil profiles of Norway, Svalbard and Russia. Samples were collected at two depths from both mineral and organic soils, which were affected or not by permafrost and were incubated for 91 days at 4, 8, 12, and 16 °C. Temperature response was investigated through two parameters derived from a simple exponential model: the intensity of mineralisation, α, and the temperature sensitivity, Q10. For each sample, SOM quality was investigated by ¹³C-NMR, whereas bacterial and fungal community structure was characterised by T-RFLP and ARISA fingerprints, respectively. When estimated from the whole incubation period, α proved to be higher in deep permafrost samples than in shallow active layer ones due to the presence transient flushes of mineralisation in deep permafrost affected soils. At the end of the incubation period, after mineralization flushes had passed, neither α nor Q10 (averaging 1.28 ± 0.07) seemed to be affected by soil type (organic vs mineral soil), site, depth or permafrost. SOM composition and microbial community structure on the contrary where affected by site and soil type. Our results suggest that deep samples of permafrost affected soil contain a small pool of fast cycling carbon, which is quickly depleted after thawing. Once the mineralization flush had passed, the temperature response of permafrost affected soil proved to be relatively homogenous among sample types, suggesting that the use of a single temperature sensitivity parameter in land surface models for SOM decomposition in permafrost-affected soils is justified.     

冬季太平洋与大西洋异常大气环流关系研究

利用1958-2010年逐年的12月和1月的NCEP/NCAR格点资料,分别对北半球太平洋和大西洋、欧亚大陆和北美大陆这2组区域的500 hPa高度场进行了奇异值(SVD)分解。结果表明院所选的2组区域太平洋和大西洋、欧亚大陆和北美大陆500 hPa的位势高度场存在协同变化的关系。当太平洋地区位势高度场偏高时,大西洋地区的位势高度场偏低,反之亦然。冬季的1月上述现象最为明显。上述现象在陆地上比海洋上明显,大洋上高纬度比低纬度明显。     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼的生物学特性

Based on the biological data of bigeye tuna measured from the longlining ground of the Central Atlantic Ocean from Jun. 2001 to Oct. 2001, this paper analyzed the bigeye tuna‘s maturity stages of the gonad, feeding intensity, species composition of prey, sex ratio, fork length distribution, relationships between fork length and dressed weight, fork length and round weight, round weight and dressed weight by statistic and regression methods. The results indicate: ( 1 ) Maturity at Ⅳ-Ⅵ of the gonad are dominant with the highest percentage of Ⅴ (30.11% ). (2)The feeding intensity is mainly in the class 1 ,class 2 or class 3,totally 83.16%. (3)In the bigeye tuna‘s species composition of prey, the percentage of miscellaneous fish or cephalopod is relatively high, 38.05 % or 30.48 % respectively. Catch rate of bigeye tuna can be enhanced when cephalopod is used as the bait. (4) The male-female ratio is 2 : 1. This pattern might result from elevated mortality of adult females. (5) The fork length distribution is suitable for the normal. The dominant fork length is 1.13 - 1.49m, 64.16%, with the mean value of 1.32m. (6)The relationship between fork length and dressed weight. (7)The relationship between fork length and round weight. If the fork length is the same, the round weight converted in this paper‘s formula is a little lighter than the round weight converted in Parks‘s formula concluded at 1981 of the longline bigeye tuna catch. It might be caused by the different sampling areas or sampling time. (8)The relationship between round weight and dressed weight. The round weight conversion factor in this paper is a little higher than the ICCAT. It might be caused by the different processing methods. ICCAT is recommended to adapt this paper‘s conversion factor.     

东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼中层拖网捕捞技术

根据2001年7月至2002年8月我国渔船在东南太平洋的智利竹笑鱼(Trachurus murphyi)渔捞记录和现场收集的资料,对中层拖网捕捞技术进行了分析研究,结果表明：(1)中层拖网主要在夜间作业;捕捞水层主要集中在30～80m水深;网位与鱼群的相对位置可分为5种类型,即鱼群在网口的中间、上纲紧贴在鱼群的上部、下纲紧贴在鱼群的下部、鱼群在上纲的上部和鱼群在下纲的下部。(2)鱼群进网数量可根据网位仪映像加以判断。(3)网位(y)与曳纲长度(x)呈线性关系,其回归方程式为：y=0．4427x-36．604。(4)捕捞效率随拖网速度而增加。(5)较高捕捞效率的表层水温指标为11．5～13．5℃。根据研究结果还对我国今后在东南太平洋智利竹笑鱼捕捞技术改进提出合理化建议。     

大西洋中部大眼金枪鱼垂直分布与温度、盐度的关系

根据2001年7月4日至10月27日3艘在大西洋中部公海海域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓船上随机观测到的大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的上钩钩号,应用悬链线钩深计算公式,分别计算出各钩号的钩深;根据STD仪测得的温度、盐度的垂直分布以钩深为引数,查出该尾鱼捕获时的温度和盐度数据。根据大眼金枪鱼的取样数据,利用频度统计的方法,推算出各水层、水温、盐度范围的渔获率。渔获率最大的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼的最适水层、水温和盐度范围;渔获率为前3位的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层、水温和盐度范围。结果表明：大西洋中部,大眼金枪鱼的最适水层为240．00～269．99m水深、最适水温为12．00～12．99℃、最适盐度为35．00～35．09;大西洋中部渔场大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层为240．00～329．99m水深、水温为10．00～12．99℃、盐度为35．00～35．29。     

Separation of the Taiwanese regular and deep tuna longliners in the Indian Ocean using bigeye tuna catch ratios

ABSTRACT:   Taiwanese longline (LL) fisheries operating in the Indian Ocean usually target albacore tuna (ALB), swordfish (SWO) and yellowfin tuna (YFT) using regular LL. Bigeye tuna (BET), however, is targeted using deep LL. Thus, these two types of LL are considered to be different gears as they target different tuna species. Regular or deep LL fishing is defined by number of hooks per basket (NHB): regular LL if 6 ≤ NHB ≤ 10 and deep LL if 11 ≤ NHB ≤ 20. However, NHB information was available in only some of the recent LL data (1995–1999). This situation had caused problems of biased results in stock analysis in the past. Thus, the objective of our study was to explore an effective method to separate the two types of LL fishing by considering species composition. Some intervals of BET catch ratios were found to be effective in separating the regular and deep LL catches, i.e. 0.0 ≤ BET/(BET + ALB + SWO) ≤ 0.4 and 0.8 ≤ BET/(BET + ALB) ≤ 1.0, respectively. Using these two separators, the LL known data set (1995–1999) (learning data set) was classified. Correct classification occurred in 67.7% of the data, while 23.1% of the data were unclassified (11.9% due to zero catches and 11.2% due to classification into both LL types), and 9.2% were misclassifications. Then, using the methods developed, the LL unknown data set in the historical data (1979–1999) was classified and nominal CPUE values were calculated for four species. The CPUE trends based on this study were likely to be more reliable than those of previous studies.     

Food composition, habitat use and growth of stocked and native Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, in Lake Muddusjärvi, Finland

Habitat use, growth and food composition of native and stocked Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), were studied in the subarctic Lake Muddusjärvi, northern Finland, to investigate reasons for poor stocking success. Samples were collected with pelagic and epibenthic gill nets. Stocked and native charr occurred in similar epibethic habitats, whereas pelagic habitat was avoided. Native charr grew fast after shifting to piscivory. Growth rate of stocked charr was slow because only a small proportion of stocked fish became piscivorous during the first year after stocking. During the first lake year, stocked charr divided into slow-growing planktivores and fast-growing piscivores. Piscivorous stocked and native charr consumed only whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), as their prey. Small-sized (<10 cm) whitefish were preferred when shifting to piscivory.