斑马鱼在鱼类病原免疫学研究中的应用

斑马鱼全基因组测序已经完成,建立了多个专门的在线数据库,作为模式生物在遗传学、发育生物学等领域已得到了广泛的应用.本文介绍了斑马鱼用于鱼类病原免疫学研究的优点,包括个体发育过程透明、免疫系统较成熟,具有先天性和获得性2种免疫系统;多种鱼类来源的细菌和病毒在成年斑马鱼和胚胎中都能感染和复制,使其成为研究鱼类病原的入侵机制和宿主免疫应答的模式生物.同时,对当前已建立的鱼类细菌和病毒病原斑马鱼感染模型以及在疫苗方面的研究现状作简要概述.     

洞庭湖环湖丘岗区土壤动物群落组成及分布

以洞庭湖环湖丘岗区4个生态系统为标准样地研究土壤动物群落的组成、垂直结构及季节性变化。全部调查共获得土壤动物31 298只、30类分别隶属于4门13纲29目。其中,蜱螨类、弹尾类、等翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅成虫和双翅幼虫为最重要类群。被调查的4个生境的土壤动物群落,个体数量变化趋势是:针阔混交林>茶林>竹林>阔叶林,类群数变化趋势是:竹林=茶林>针阔混交林>阔叶林。4个生境土壤动物的个体数和类群数均具有明显的表聚性,并随土层加深动物个体数及类群数递减的规律。土壤动物的多样性以冬季、春季最丰富,夏季最少,季节变化的波动性较大。     

永城煤矿塌陷区水污染对鲫鱼外周血细胞数量的影响

选用鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为研究对象,以相对无煤矿污染的商丘天沐湖为对照,以煤矿污染较严重的永城煤矿塌陷积水区为研究样地,研究永城煤矿塌陷区水质对鲫鱼外周血细胞数量的影响。结果表明:与对照天沐湖相比,永城煤矿塌陷区样地鲫鱼的红细胞数量极显著增加(P<0.01),但白细胞数量差异不显著(P>0.05);从白细胞分类计数统计结果看,淋巴细胞极显著增加(P<0.01),血栓细胞极显著减少(P<0.01),单核细胞显著减少(P<0.05);嗜中性粒细胞虽有减少,但两地差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,永城煤矿塌陷区水污染已造成鲫鱼外周血细胞数量发生明显改变。     

松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物生态学研究

对松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物群落的组成、空间分布、时间变化，以及与环境要素的相关关系进行了探讨。共获得大型土壤动物43类、1234只，优势类群是蚁科(Formicidae)和金龟子科(Scarabaeidae)幼虫，常见类群14类，稀有类群27类。水平分布表现出明显的不均一性，垂直分布类群数上均匀递减，个体数上表聚性明显。夏季类群数和个体数都明显多于秋季。地温对大型土壤动物影响最明显，其次是气温和降水。     

凉州区奶牛乳房炎主要病原分离鉴定及药敏试验

乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病,随着奶牛产业的蓬勃发展,乳房炎已经成为制约该产业的瓶颈之一。从甘肃省武威市凉州区5个奶牛养殖场采集了1 000头荷斯坦奶牛共计3 991份奶样,对临床型和非临床型(隐性)乳房炎分别通过临床症状和兰州隐性乳房炎诊断液(LMT)进行诊断。结果显示:该地区奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率18.20%,亚临床型乳房炎发病率36.50%,总阳性率54.70%,总阳性乳区率54.72%。从阳性奶样中分离纯化得到的主要病原菌为链球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌,且在不同类型乳房炎中的分布情况不同,临床型中链球菌属最多(54.37%),亚临床型中金黄色葡萄球菌最多(48.56%)。对主要病原菌进行药敏试验,结果表明治疗凉州区奶牛乳房炎的最佳药物应为喹诺酮类和庆大霉素类。     

Avian anaesthesia related mortality and the associated risk factors in a UK zoological collection

ObjectiveTo analyse avian anaesthesia-related mortality in a UK zoological collection over a 5-year period and identify risk factors for mortality.Study designRetrospective cohort study.AnimalsA total of 135 individual birds across 37 species, anaesthetized during 206 events in a UK zoological collection between 1 January 2014 and 30 June 2019 (inclusive).MethodsAnaesthesia records were reviewed and variables such as age, body condition, weight, sex, duration of anaesthesia and health status were collated. Anaesthesia-related mortality was defined as those deaths occurring during anaesthesia and up to 7 days postanaesthesia. Outcome was analysed using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Overall mortality was defined and included birds euthanised during anaesthesia for non-anaesthesia related reasons. Data were summarised as median (range). A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for the association between risk factors and anaesthetic death where a statistically significant difference was found.ResultsThe overall mortality rate was 10.19% (95% CI = 6.06–14.3%), while anaesthesia-related mortality was 3.88% (95% CI = 1.69–7.51%). Birds with an abnormal health status had a 15.53-fold (95% CI = 1.95–123.63) increased risk of death compared with those with a normal health status. The duration of anaesthesia was also a statistically significant risk factor (p = 0.021) in the univariable analysis, but not when combined with health status. No other variables were associated with anaesthesia-related mortality.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAbnormal health status and longer anaesthetic procedures were associated with a significantly increased risk of anaesthesia-related death in this population of birds. It is recommended that anaesthetic duration is minimized, and pre-existing diseases are diagnosed where possible prior to general anaesthesia of birds. Anaesthetizing healthy birds was associated with a low risk of mortality.     

Potential role of N-carbamoyl glutamate in biosynthesis of arginine and its significance in production of ruminant animals

Arginine （ARG） exerts many beneficial effects on animal body and enhanced angiogenesis, lactogenesis, which finally leads to the improvement in nitrogen （N） metabolism, reproduction, lactation, immunity and growth. Unfortunately, unprotected ARG will be degraded in the rumen and its price is high, thus feeding rumen-protected ARG seems to be uneconomical. Alternatively, N-carbamoyl glutamate （NCG） is structural analogue of N-acetyl glutamate, cofactor of cabamoyl phosphate synthetasel, is lower in rumen degradation compared to ARG. Additionally, rumen epithelial and duodenal cells have potentially utilized the NCG for ureagenesis. Supplementation of NCG to high yielding dairy cows increased plasma concentration of ARG and nitric oxide, decreased the plasma ammonia N and improved lactation performance and N utilization. Supplementation of NCG enhanced pregnancy rates in rats, improved litter size and fetal survival rate, thereby improved the reproductive performance of sows. Oral NCG supplementation increases plasma ARG and somatotropin levels, and increased growth rate and muscle protein synthesis in nursing piglets. The NCG is potential a relatively cheaper source of feed additive to offer vital compensation over oral administration of ARG, resulting in improved ruminant animal health and production. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of AfiG biosynthesis by NCG and their significance in growth, reproduction, milk production and N utilization in ruminant animals.     

生姜癞皮病的发生危害及病原初步鉴定

生姜癞皮病在山东7月开始发病,8月中旬至9月中旬为盛发期。病株植株矮小、茎细、分枝少,叶色变淡,根茎表皮疣裂,根系腐烂,产量品质降低。病原物为南方根结线虫。砂质土壤、连作重茬、过量施钾肥均可加重该病的发生。