激发子物质处理富士苹果果实后抗轮纹病病菌侵染的研究

富士苹果果实经硝普钠(SNP)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、水杨酸(SA)和氯化钙处理后再接种轮纹病菌,各个处理均能不同程度地防止轮纹病菌的侵染和扩展,其中MeJA和SNP处理效果最明显,烂果率和烂果面积分别比对照减少26.7%、26.7%和41.6%、36.2%。另外,还对各处理果实的PAL、SOD、POD和PPO活性变化进行了分析,结果表明,接种轮纹病菌的72h内,4个处理的PAL和PPO活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,而SOD和POD活性变化除SA处理一直保持平稳波动上升外,其余3个处理也表现为先升后降趋势;各处理的PAL和POD峰值出现的时间均早于SOD和PPO。PAL、POD和PPO活性峰值和平均值均以MeJA处理最高,SOD活性峰值和平均值SNP处理最高。     

半根供铁对苹果砧木幼苗生长的影响

利用分根技术在水培条件下研究了半根供铁对苹果砧木幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,一半根系供铁不仅未影响植株对铁营养的需求,甚至在处理初期植株的铁吸收总量和铁吸收速率还略有提高。一半根系供铁苹果砧木小金海堂和山定子叶片活性铁质量分数均未降低,而且与对照相比无叶片黄化的现象。因此,通过半根供铁的方式来改善苹果砧木幼苗的生长,为进一步研究砧木缺铁适应性反应的调控部位打下基础,也为今后缺铁的矫正和提高铁素利用效率提供了一条新的思路。     

发酵方法对柿果醋中香气成分的影

采用顶空固相微萃取法、结合气相色谱质谱联用技术,对自然发酵和常规发酵柿果醋中香气成分进行了分离与分析比较,分别从2种柿果醋中分离鉴定出挥发性化合物63种,均含有酯类、羧酸类、醇类、烃类、醛酮类、酚类及少量其他化合物.常规发酵柿果醋香气成分中含有酯类33.78%、醇类32.38%和烃类1.08%,高于自然发酵柿果醋的含量;自然发酵柿果醋香气成分中含有羧酸类61.25%、醛酮类9.66%和酚类6.13%,高于常规发酵柿果醋的含量.采用常规发酵法生产的柿果醋具有较好的感官质量.     

竹酢液对杉木苗木生长的影响

以1年生Ⅰ级杉木裸根苗为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,比较喷施及土壤施入两种施用方法及7个不同浓度处理下,竹酢液对苗高、地径以及枝叶生物量、根系生物量和主干生物量影响,同时对不同处理下苗木净光合速率的变化特征进行了比较分析。结果表明：竹酢液合理使用可以明显促进苗高和地径的生长、提高枝叶生物量和根系生物量;竹酢液可以提高苗木的净光合速率,改善光合作用;P300和P800两种浓度和施入方法促进杉木苗木生长的作用最明显。     

用矮化中间砧苹果树建园的几点建议

利用矮化中间砧进行苹果树栽培是目前生产的方向,莲择抗逆性强的矮化砧木进行适地适栽,选用优质大苗建园,根据栽植密度、砧木类型和立地条件选择相应树形,以达到早产优质高效的栽培目标。该文针对建园中存在的主要问题,提出建议,供苹果园建园参考。     

超声波辅助提取苹果籽油工艺研究

通过二次回归正交旋转组合试验探讨了超声波辅助提取苹果籽油的最佳工艺条件，研究了液料比（石油醚体积与苹果籽质量之比）、提取时间、提取温度和超声波频率对苹果籽油提取率的影响。结果表明，当液料比为8，提取时间为35min，提取温度为35℃，超声波频率为60kHz时，苹果籽油提取率最高，可达到23.94％。通过与索氏提取法对比，证明超声波是一种可靠、高效的提取苹果籽油的方法。     

礼泉县苹果园土壤养分空间变异特征及综合评价

以陕西省礼泉县苹果园为研究区,基于地统计学研究果园土壤养分的空间变异特征,并采用改进TOPSIS和GIS实现对土壤养分空间定量化评价。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤属性空间分布不均和呈弱、中等变异,其由高到低的排序为有效磷速效钾碱解氮SOMpH;(2)pH、SOM、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的最优变异函数拟合模型分别为指数、指数、高斯、球状和球状,土壤酸碱性的基台效应值小,呈强烈空间相关性,主要由结构性因素引起空间异质,4项土壤养分指标均呈中等空间相关性,空间变异是由随机性因素和结构性因素共同作用的结果;(3)研究区土壤养分综合指数的大致空间分布格局:烽火-史德镇一带和昭陵-石潭镇一线分别向西北降低,土壤养分等级高的地区多处于河谷平原和黄土台塬的南部。从高到低养分等级面积比例为8.581∶22.406∶30.213∶26.482∶12.317。中等及偏下的养分等级占全区的69.013%,主要有南坊、叱干、建陵、城关和烟霞镇等地区。研究区土壤养分等级总体属于中等及偏下,主要分布在研究区的北部和中南部。研究结果为掌握苹果园的养分丰缺状况、变异机理、空间分布和为其精准施肥提供了科学依据。     

秸秆气化产物对辣椒生长的影响

研究了秸秆气化产物中秸秆炭及秸秆醋液对辣椒的生长影响。研究结果显示:以正常施用化肥,未额外施用其他肥料的辣椒为对照,对比只施用有机肥的辣椒,施用有机肥加秸秆炭以及有机肥加秸秆醋液的小区,辣椒的产量、单果果重、可溶性糖、维生素C含量均有提高,与对照差异达显著水平,对辣椒增产增质有明显作用。因此,秸秆气化产物的使用可以促进辣椒生长,提高辣椒产量、品质、口感,但由于目前还未广泛投入生产,故在农业生产上具有广阔的研究前景。     

金纹细蛾幼虫在陇东苹果树冠层的空间分布研究

为掌握金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠层不同部位的发生规律,为科学防治提供技术支持。以长富2号10年生富士苹果园为研究对象,通过对不同时期金纹细蛾幼虫发生规律、树冠分布特征和集聚性分析,研究了陇东金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠上的空间分布结构。结果发现,金纹细蛾幼虫1 a发生5代。在世代重叠现象和苹果生长期药剂防控的双重影响下,第2代以后各世代之间未出现明显的高峰,在9月上旬之前幼虫数量虽有增长,但增长非常缓慢,而进入9月下旬之后越冬代数量成倍数骤增。从幼虫在树冠上的空间分布看,存在东向和北向＞南向和西向、下部 ＞ 上部、内膛 ＞ 外围的趋势,但是在统计学上却没有显著差异;幼虫在苹果树冠中的分布呈一定的聚集性分布,但聚集度比较小。在前期防控的基础上,加强9月下旬以后的防控,是减少翌年虫源的关键。药剂防控中,在保证树冠全方位防控的同时,树冠下部、内膛、南向和西向为重点防控的空间部位。     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.