Accuracy of the Rotfinder instrument in detecting decay on Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees

Rotfinder is a non-destructive decay-sensing apparatus based on resistance measurements in standing trees. The accuracy of Rotfinder in detecting decay was evaluated in 500 standing trees in three Norway spruce (Picea abies) plots. Trees were measured at three heights, 0.30, 0.66 and 1.30 m. Sections were later inspected for the presence of decay and reaction zones. Inspected trees were mostly infected by Heterobasidion annosum and showed a large variation in the amount of decay present, ranging from 0.1% to 88.0% of the section. Correctly and incorrectly classified trees were compared in terms of ion and element concentration, density and moisture. Measurements at stump level (0.30 m) were more accurate than measurements at breast height (1.30 m) where the reaction zone and decay columns showed lower moisture content. The accuracy of Rotfinder increased when trees with small decay columns were regarded as ‘non-decayed’. When only trees with more than 15% of the section decayed were regarded as ‘decayed’, Rotfinder had an accuracy of 0.86 when performing assessments at stump level. False negatives, as opposed to true positives, corresponded to trees with smaller and drier decay columns, drier reaction zones and lower K⁺ (potassium) concentration in the decay column. False positives corresponded to trees with large sapwood and high sodium content in the sapwood. Rotfinder represents an alternative to the standard method of using increment core observations to assess decay in living trees.     

Horizontal transmission and host-virulence attenuation of totivirus in violet root rot fungus Helicobasidium mompa

Monokaryotic strains of Helicobasidium mompa were used as vectors of a mycovirus between various H. mompa isolates to examine the transmissibility of one of the mycoviruses, totivirus (HmTV1–17 virus) in the hypovirulent isolate V17 of H. mompa. The isolates that acquired HmTV1–17 virus were also examined for any alteration in the virulence. Twelve dikaryotic isolates of H. mompa, belonging to 11 mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) and being mycelially incompatible with isolate V17, were used as recipients of HmTV1–17 virus. Two monokaryotic isolates that were mycelially incompatible with isolate V17 and all of the recipients were also used as vectors of HmTV1-17 virus between isolate V17 and the recipients. When isolate V17 and recipients were directly paired on plate media, HmTV1-17 virus was transmitted from isolate V17 into 2 of the 12 recipients (i.e., 2 of the 11 MCGs). Two monokaryotic strains were paired with isolate V17, and the monokaryotic strains that acquired HmTV1-17 virus were then used as new virus donors. When the monokaryotic strains containing HmTV1-17 virus were paired with the 12 recipients, HmTV1-17 virus was transmitted into 7 of the 12 recipients from the monokaryotic strains (i.e., 7 of 11 MCGs). Based on these results, we concluded that monokaryotic strains could act as vectors to transmit HmTV1-17 virus into H. mompa isolates. When four of the H. mompa isolates that acquired HmTV1-17 virus were used to inoculate apple rootstock Malus prunifolia, the virulence of all of the isolates was attenuated from that of their parental isolates. Moreover, because the DNA fingerprints of the fungal isolates that acquired HmTV1-17 virus were the same as those of their parental isolates, the infection with HmTV1-17 virus is considered the cause of virulence attenuation of H. mompa.     

Fruit maturity affects the response of apples to heat stress

Quality changes of apple fruit at different maturity stages in response to heat stress were investigated. ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Cortland’ apples at immature (pre-climacteric), commercial harvest maturity (CHM) and post climacteric maturity (PCM, CHM plus 4 weeks) were harvested and held at 46 °C for 0, 4, 8, or 12 h. Following treatments, fruits were stored in air at 0 °C and evaluated after 0, 1, 2, or 3 months. Quality indices including peel and flesh browning, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and ethanol production were measured. Results indicated that different cultivars and maturities affected the fruit's resistance to heat stress. ‘Jonagold’ was more resistant to heat stress than ‘Cortland’. Fruit at PCM were most sensitive to heat stress, followed by fruits at CHM and immature stages. When ‘Jonagold’ apples at immature and CHM stages were held at 46 °C for 12 h and then stored for 3 months, flesh browning ratings were negligible compared with 1.4 or 2.9, respectively in ‘Cortland’. Flesh browning rating increased to 1.4 or 4.5 in PCM ‘Jonagold’ held at 46 °C for 8 or 12 h and then stored for 3 months while it was 4.9 or 5.0, respectively, in ‘Cortland’. Heat treatment-induced flesh injury was associated with a decrease in CF. After fruit were exposure to 46 °C for 12 h and then stored for 3 months, Fv/Fm was reduced by 13%, 30%, and 55% in ‘Jonagold’ at immature maturity, CHM and PCM, respectively, while it was reduced by 51%, 58% and 75%, respectively, in ‘Cortland’. Heat stress also caused a decrease in fruit titratable acidity, but had no effect on soluble solids contents. The 8 or 12 h heat treatment resulted in an increase in ethanol production, which was greatest in PCM apples.     

广东省火龙果腐烂病病原鉴定

通过对来自广东省湛江市的发病火龙果果实的病原进行分离、致病性测定及形态学观察,将引起广东省火龙果腐烂病的病原鉴定为仙人掌平脐蠕孢Bipolaris cactivora,该种真菌为中国大陆新记录种.该病原菌的鉴定,对控制中国大陆火龙果腐烂病的发生和扩散有重要的理论指导意义.     

11种杀菌剂对马铃薯软腐病的防治效果

由果胶杆菌属细菌Pectobacterium spp.引起的软腐病是世界范围内马铃薯生产上重要的细菌性病害之一。本研究分别采用碟片法和生长速率法探究了11种常用的杀菌剂对胡萝卜果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种菌株Pcc20181的离体抑菌效果; 采用马铃薯半薯接种法评价了供试杀菌剂对马铃薯软腐病的防控效果。碟片法和生长速率法测定结果均显示:11种供试杀菌剂中72%农用硫酸链霉素SP、0.3%四霉素AS和3%噻霉酮WP离体抑菌效果最好, 抑菌圈直径介于0.13~1.47 cm, EC50介于1.695~44.363 mg/L; 新鲜半薯接种法测定结果表明, 11种供试杀菌剂中有8种对软腐病均有控病效果, 防效为33.33~92.50%。其中, 3%噻霉酮WP对马铃薯软腐病的防效最高为92.50%, 随后依次为72%农用硫酸链霉素SP （89.76%）、20%叶枯唑WP （58.81%）、0.3%四霉素AS （51.60%）。综合评价, 3%噻霉酮WP、20%叶枯唑WP和0.3%四霉素AS对马铃薯软腐病具有较好的防控效果。     

微波辅助提取苹果皮中原花青素的工艺研究

[目的]优化微波辅助提取苹果皮中原花青素的工艺。[方法]采用微波辅助技术提取苹果皮中原花青素。在单因素试验的基础上,采用L16(45)正交试验设计,研究乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比和微波功率对苹果皮原花青素得率的影响。[结果]在苹果皮原花青素得率的各影响因素中,影响程度依次为:料液比>乙醇浓度>提取温度>微波功率>提取时间。微波辅助提取苹果皮原花青素的最佳工艺条件为:以50%乙醇为提取溶剂,采用料液比为1∶5 g/ml,在80℃和120 W时提取5 min,此条件下原花青素得率为2.86mg/g。[结论]研究可为提高苹果皮的利用率和工业化生产高附加值的原花青素提供理论依据。     

‘秦冠’和‘富士’质地差异的解剖学观察及相关酶活性研究

以质地品质差异明显的2个苹果品种‘富士’和‘秦冠’为试材,观察发育过程中果肉细胞显微结构,测定果实的脆度和硬度及细胞壁相关代谢酶和淀粉酶(AM)的活性,并进行相关性分析,找出导致这2个品种质地差异的关键因素。结果表明:1花后85d前,2个品种的果肉细胞大小相似,而在花后85d时,‘富士’果肉细胞明显增大,显著大于‘秦冠’果肉细胞,并且在花后115d时细胞又一次显著增大。而‘秦冠’果肉细胞仅在花后100d时显著增大,此后增长不显著。2在果实发育过程中,‘秦冠’和‘富士’的果实硬度和脆度均逐渐降低。‘富士’果实的脆度一直较‘秦冠’高。花后100d前‘富士’果实的硬度高于‘秦冠’,而花后115d至果实成熟期间均显著低于‘秦冠’。3花后115d以后‘秦冠’的果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性明显高于‘富士’,而‘富士’的β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性明显高于‘秦冠’。相关性分析表明,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和PME活性与‘秦冠’的质地呈显著负相关,而β-Gal活性与‘富士’的质地呈显著负相关。可见,随着果实生长发育,‘秦冠’和‘富士’质地品质的差异除表现在果肉细胞显微结构上外,还与一些代谢酶密切相关,PG和PME是‘秦冠’果实质地变化的关键酶,而β-Gal在‘富士’质地变化中发挥关键作用。     

Fusarium oxysporum对苗期大豆根部的致病性和侵染规律

Fusarium oxysporum对苗期大豆具有较强的致病作用。病原菌自伤口或直接侵入大豆幼苗根部的皮层组织,随着病原菌的侵入和扩展,细胞出现坏死,组织发生崩解,根部组织表现红褐色病斑。环境因素对病原菌的侵染时期和在大豆体内潜育时间的长短有着明显的影响。侵染时期主要受病原菌侵入前自身所处状态和寄主的影响,侵入后潜育时间的长短则受植株状态的影响。土壤环境条件直接影响着病原菌的侵入和寄主的抗病性,间接影响着病原菌在大豆植株体内的扩展和病症的表现。     

利用12C6+重离子辐射和尖孢镰刀菌毒素筛选杂交兰抗茎腐病突变体

为创建抗茎腐病杂交兰资源,本研究以玉女兰类原球茎为材料,采用¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射技术结合尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)粗毒素筛选抗茎腐病突变体。结果表明,经不同剂量¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射后,玉女兰类原球茎的死亡率差异显著,辐射剂量为50 Gy时,死亡率为54.66%;尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素对玉女兰类原球茎存活率影响显著,当粗毒素滤液浓度为80%时,玉女兰类原球茎存活率为41.98%。采用逐步筛选法对经50 Gy¹²C⁶⁺辐射后的玉女兰类原球茎进行抗茎腐病筛选,获得14个抗性系类原球茎,筛选率为4.67%;对抗性系类原球茎进行分化、生根壮苗和移栽,获得3个抗性系Z50Gt₁、Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃。在含80%粗毒素滤液的培养基上抗性系类原球茎的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于对照,POD活性峰值比对照提高了867.67 U·g^-1·h^-1;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先高于对照,随着毒素胁迫时间的延长,转变为低于对照的趋势。对3个抗性系试管苗和小苗进行人工接种鉴定,结果表明,抗性系Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃的再生植株具有稳定的茎腐病抗性,2个抗病株系7个月大的盆栽植株病情指数分别为20.00%和19.33%,均为抗性级别。本研究结果为采用重离子辐射技术选育抗茎腐病杂交兰新品种奠定了基础。     

新型果奶饮料稳定性研究

用酸奶和苹果汁为原料加工制成新型饮料 ,通过测定其稳定性和粘度 ,应用正交优选方法研究了该饮料的稳定性。结果表明 :添加 0 .2 0 %的黄原胶和 0 .1 2 %的海藻酸钠的复合稳定剂及 0 .0 4%的蔗糖酯、0 .0 6%的单甘酯和 0 .0 2 %的司班 65组成的复合乳化剂可以使新型苹果奶饮料稳定保存 3个月以上