棉田棉蚜自然种群生命表

采用分代隔离观测等方法，研究了棉蚜自然种群特定年龄生命表，共获得５个世代数据。分析结果表明，影响棉蚜自然种群波动的主要因素是气候条件和天敌     

Nitrogen Fixation,Ureide, and Nitrate Accumulation Responses to Soybean Aphid Injury in Glycine max

There is little information available about soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) effects on the physiology and mineral nutrition of soybean (Glycine max [L.] merr.). Controlled-environment studies were conducted to measure soybean aphid infestation effects on dry weight, nitrogen (N) fixation, ureide-N, and nitrate-N concentration and accumulation. Plants grown in perlite using –N nutrient solution culture were infested at the 3rd trifoliolate (V3) stage and measured for N fixation, nodule characteristics, and ureide-N concentration at the full pod (R4) stage. When compared to uninfested control plants, aphid infestation reduced total nodule volume per plant by 34%, nodule leghemoglobin per plant by 31%, plant N fixation rate by 80% and shoot ureide-N concentration by 20%. Soil-grown plants were infested at the first trifoliolate (V1) stage and shoots were measured for dry weight, nitrate-N, and ureide-N at the full bloom (R2) stage. Infestation reduced shoot dry weight by 63%, increased nitrate-N concentration by 75%, but did not significantly affect ureide-N concentration. Because nutrient concentration is a single-point measurement that results from the integration of two dynamic processes, nutrient accumulation and dry matter production, we conclude that aphid-induced reductions in N fixation, coupled with decreased dry weight accumulation, caused shoot ureide-N concentration to remain unchanged in aphid-injured plants when compared to uninfested plants. Because nitrate-N concentration was greater in aphid-damaged shoot tissue, we further conclude that nitrate-N accumulation was less sensitive to aphid injury than dry weight accumulation.     

棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状及其治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是棉花生产中最严重的害虫之一。长期以来防治棉蚜主要依赖于化学杀虫剂,其中新烟碱类杀虫剂扮演着十分重要的角色,但由于其长期、大量的使用,棉蚜已对该类杀虫剂产生了较高水平的抗性,严重影响了对棉蚜的防治效果。抗性机制研究表明,棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的机制主要涉及解毒代谢能力增强和靶标敏感性下降。细胞色素P450、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、UDP-葡糖基转移酶等解毒酶基因过量表达介导的解毒代谢增强和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体β1亚基突变引起的靶标敏感性下降是棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的关键。针对我国棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂抗性问题突出的现状,为更好地利用该类药剂防治棉蚜,亟需根据棉蚜抗性机制制定合理的抗性治理策略。本文将从棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状、抗性机制以及抗性治理策略等方面进行综述,以期为抗性棉蚜的科学治理提供参考。     

弗雷生蚜霉菌侵染发病过程的观察

本文报道弗雷生蚜霉菌侵染蚜虫发病过程的主要阶段及其特征。从传播接触、萌发侵入、潜育到症状表现,在20～30℃下,历期一般为3～5天。     

胡椒花叶病传播途径的研究

胡椒花叶病是我国胡椒的一种严重传染性病害。试验表明:土壤、种子均不传病,病组织汁液摩擦接种也不传病,人工嫁接可传病,但胡椒栽培一般不采用嫁接,因而不是传病的途径。通过对海南儋县胡椒园一种常见的棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)进行传毒试验,获得成功,证明棉蚜是我国胡椒花叶病的传毒介体之一。带病的插条(种苗)也是该病的主要传播途径。     

蒙古蒿挥发油对三种主要枸杞害虫的控制作用

为保障枸杞产品质量安全,采果期不受化学农药干预,本研究通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验评价了蒙古蒿挥发油的杀虫活性。结果表明,蒙古蒿挥发油对棉蚜的LC₅₀为7.82mg/mL;对枸杞木虱的LD₅₀为2.89μg/头;对西花蓟马的LC₅₀为2.80mg/mL,均低于对照药剂印楝素提取物,其中胡椒酮、PPG2-甲醚和桉油烯醇起主要杀虫作用。利用响应面分析,蒙古蒿挥发油制备成8.5%蒙古蒿挥发油微胶囊剂,该制剂在质量浓度6kg/hm²条件下,药后1d,对枸杞蚜虫、西花蓟马和枸杞木虱的防效分别为75.95%、58.81%和32.14%,高于对照0.3%印楝素乳油,杀虫效果一直持续到21d。本研究将蒙古蒿挥发油微胶囊应用于枸杞园采果期防治主要害虫,持效期长,具有进一步开发成高效植物源农药的潜力。     

几种生物农药对青海蚕豆主要病虫害的防治效果

为建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术,以推动青海有机蚕豆生产,本研究以9种生物农药为供试药剂,针对苜蓿蚜、蚕豆赤斑病及枯萎病,开展了较为系统的室内生物活性测定和田间药效试验。室内生测试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂等4种生物农药均对苜蓿蚜有良好的毒杀作用,其中0.3%苦参碱水剂的毒力最强,其24h和48h的LC₅₀分别为7.33mg/L和5.66mg/L;田间防效试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂和0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂对苜蓿蚜的防效显著,500倍药液药后7d防效达76.00%～83.00%;10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂和枯草芽胞杆菌（1000亿芽胞/g）可湿性粉剂混用对蚕豆赤斑病的防效有增效作用,制剂用量为500.0g/hm²时,药后14d防效为73.98%～77.79%;多粘类芽胞杆菌（10亿CFU/g）可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉（≥2亿活孢子/g）可湿性粉剂对蚕豆枯萎病的防效高于另两种生物农药,药后14d防效分别为74.23%和71.01%。综上所述,0.3%苦参碱水剂、0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂、10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂、枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂、多粘类芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂对蚕豆3种主要病虫害防效优良,据此可进一步建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术用于青海蚕豆的有机绿色安全生产。     

以生命表技术评价异色瓢虫对豆蚜的控害潜能

为评价捕食性天敌异色瓢虫对豆蚜的控害潜能,编制了天敌与害虫的实验种群生命表,测定了异色瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食功能反应。结果表明:异色瓢虫年龄特征生命表参数为净生殖力R0=725.850 5,内禀增长率rm=0.082 0,世代平均历期T=80.333 3 d,周限增长率K=1.085 4;豆蚜的生命表参数为R0=72.064 1,rm=0.183 1,T=23.370 0 d,K=1.200 9。异色瓢虫成虫及不同龄期的幼虫对豆蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型模型,1~4龄幼虫a值分别为1.121,1.325,0.840和1.189,Th值分别为0.060 2,0.395 0,0.011 1和0.006 25,最大理论捕食量分别为16.61,25.32,90.09,160.00头。成虫a=1.567,Th=0.007 88,Namax=126.90头。通过生命表参数比较和功能反应模型分析,可见异色瓢虫在豆蚜上具有较强的取食及繁殖能力,对豆蚜种群具有较强的控制能力;从内禀增长率rm的比较可知,异色瓢虫的rm(0.082 0)远小于豆蚜的rm(0.183 1),天敌对害虫的发生是"跟随的"。因此,在生物防治过程中,采取相应的对策才能充分发挥天敌的控害潜能。     

重瓣曼陀罗对粘虫和蚜虫的杀虫活性研究

研究了盛花期重瓣曼陀罗不同部位不同极性溶剂粗提物对粘虫、蚜虫的杀虫活性,结果表明,在重瓣曼陀罗不同部位不同极性溶剂粗提物中,对粘虫的触杀作用以石油醚粗提物为最强,死亡率达48.67%;其次是乙酸乙酯粗提物,死亡率达35.33%。不同部位的甲醇粗提物对粘虫无拒食作用;不同部位不同极性溶剂粗提物对粘虫卵基本无杀伤作用。对桃蚜和棉蚜的触杀作用以种子的乙酸乙酯粗提物为最好,死亡率为45.15%～61.75%;其次为石油醚粗提物,死亡率为22.06%～58.42%。对麦长管蚜的触杀作用以种子的石油醚粗提物为最好,可达41.71%;其次是乙酸乙酯粗提物,死亡率为32.85%。