日光温室土壤养分含量及比例与种植年限的关系

对陕西省泾阳县的日光温室蔬菜施肥情况与土壤养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,泾阳县日光温室氮磷钾养分的纯投入量平均为N·651 kg hm~(-2)、P2O5·485 kg hm~(-2)和K2O·855 kg hm~(-2),养分投入量明显偏高。温室耕层土壤速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钾和水溶性钙与种植年限之间都存在极显著的线性正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.995、0.973、0.973和0.979。种植7年后,硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量分别是农田土壤的1.8、5.1和3.6倍,水溶性钾、钙、镁分别是农田的12.2、4.5和2.6倍。随种植年限的延长,温室土壤K、Ca、Mg三者的比例严重失衡,由养分不合理施用带来的养分损失及可能引起的环境问题值得关注。     

辽西地区覆膜条件对不同土层土壤氮磷钾累积量的影响

为了探明覆膜技术对辽西半干旱区土壤氮磷钾累积量及其剖面分布状况的影响,本试验以农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站为研究平台,设置裸地种植、春季覆膜、秋季覆膜3种处理,通过对土壤剖面各层次全量氮、磷、钾的测定,定量分析辽西半干旱区覆膜条件下土壤全量养分含量及剖面分布差异,结果表明:不同覆膜处理对土壤全量氮、磷、钾累积量影响各不相同。2种覆膜处理可有效提高0～40 cm土层土壤全氮和全磷累积量,与裸地相比,春覆膜与秋覆膜处理可使土壤全氮提高34.4%和21.0%,秋覆膜处理可使全磷累积量提高17.0%。40～60 cm土层,裸地处理全氮、全磷累积量显著高于覆膜处理,其中全氮累积量较春覆膜处理提高65.7%,且为秋覆膜处理的2.16倍;全磷累积则表现为裸地种植比春覆膜和秋覆膜处理分别提高44.2%和39.4%。不同处理间全钾含量差异显著,总体表现为秋覆膜春覆膜裸地。3种处理土壤养分的剖面分布规律也各不相同,覆膜处理土壤全氮和全磷随剖面深度的增加呈逐渐减少的规律,而不覆膜处理则呈现先减少再增加的趋势;不同处理土壤全钾的剖面分布规律相似,即随剖面加深全钾含量均无显著变化,即使是表层土壤也未显示出全钾聚集的特征。     

种植翻压紫云英配施化肥对稻田土壤活性有机碳氮的影响

依托长期种植紫云英定位试验,以不施肥(CK)为对照,研究化肥(100%F)、紫云英配施100%、80%、60%和40%化肥(G+100%F、G+80%F、G+60%F、G+40%F)以及紫云英(G)对土壤活性有机碳氮、水稻产量、氮肥利用率及其他土壤养分的影响。结果表明,与对照不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的影响很小,土壤水溶性有机氮(WSON)和微生物生物量碳氮(SMBC、SMBN)含量分别增加了20.61%、10.49%和2.20%;单施紫云英处理土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN含量分别增加了25.52%、36.30%、19.16%和10.37%;紫云英配施化肥增加了土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN的含量,增幅分别为12.99%~22.80%、26.66%~56.61%、19.01%~29.56%和16.08%~32.90%。施肥提高了土壤活性有机碳氮占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)的比例,紫云英配施化肥和单施紫云英效果优于单施化肥。土壤活性有机碳氮与水稻产量、SOC、TN和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)呈显著或极显著正相关。施肥增加水稻产量,G+80%F最高(10026kg hm~(-2))。与100%F相比,化肥减施20%~40%水稻不减产,同时氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力提高,增幅分别为11.64%~149.65%和2.66%~149.92%,土壤SOC、TN和NH_4~+-N含量增加,土壤有效磷和速效钾降低。综合考虑水稻产量、氮肥利用率和土壤肥力,紫云英翻压22500 kg hm~(-2)、磷钾肥常规用量、氮肥减施20%时最优。     

生物有机肥对宁夏盐碱地土壤养分和生物学特性的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥施用对宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地土壤化学和微生物特性的影响,明确生物有机肥的最佳施用量及施肥模式,以田间连续4年定位试验为依托,研究了生物有机肥施用量0(CK)、4.5(T1)、9.0(T2)、13.5 t/hm²(T3)及生物有机肥9.0 t/hm²配施无机化肥N 360 kg/hm²(T4)对盐碱地土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物生物量、微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施用生物有机肥可明显降低土壤p H和全盐含量,土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性随着生物有机肥施用量增加呈递增趋势,且在T2处理基础上增施无机化肥可显著增加土壤速效钾含量14.73%;(2)土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性指数均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加, T3处理土壤培养192 h时AWCD值为0.84,经Tukey检验分析, Shannon和Mcintosh指数较CK处理分别增加10.11%和62.67%;(3)随着生物有机肥施用量增加,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量呈递增趋势,各处理平均分别比CK处理增加66....     

喷施硅铈溶胶缓解镉铅对小白菜毒害的研究

通过大田试验,在轻度镉-铅复合污染菜地向小白菜叶面喷施不同浓度的硅溶胶、铈溶胶及硅铈复合溶胶,研究其对产量、品质、抗氧化酶活性及Cd、Pb吸收的影响。结果表明,喷施硅铈溶胶均能促进小白菜生长,增加小白菜生物量和提高维生素C、可溶性糖的含量,降低亚硝酸盐的含量;显著增强抗氧化系统保护酶(SOD、POD)活性和降低小白菜地下部、地上部中镉、铅的含量及累积量。在不同浓度的施硅和施铈处理中,喷施0.50 g kg-1SiO2处理和0.20 g kg-1CeO2处理在增产、提升品质和缓解重金属对小白菜毒害上效果最佳,喷施硅铈复合溶胶虽效果显著,但与单独施硅、施铈相比无明显提高。     

水稻生产改为蔬菜或葡萄栽培对土壤养分的影响研究——以浙江富阳为例

以浙江杭州郊区为例,研究了土地利用方式变化对土壤养分的影响,以期对土地利用方式的选择提供借鉴。选取当地3种典型的土地利用方式变化类型,调查由传统水稻生产改为种植高经济收益的芦笋、葡萄或芥菜后不同年限对土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明,水稻田改种芦笋后,除铵态氮以外,土壤表层中的其他养分（有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾）浓度均显著提高（P〈0．05）;全氮、全钾以及硝态氮的增幅延续到剖面深层。其他两种类型的土地利用方式变化也有相似规律,其中有效态养分增幅更为明显。土地利用方式变化对养分分布也有一定的影响,水稻田改种芦笋后全氮和全钾的浓度增加最为显著,而改种葡萄后变化最大的养分是速效钾,改种芥菜后土壤硝态氮上升更显著。因此,水稻田转变成种植其他经济作物会引起土壤表层乃至剖面深层养分浓度的增加,可能造成农业面源污染,易引起养分流失和导致水体富营养化。     

Soil amendments and seed priming influence nutrients uptake,soil properties,yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkali soils

The effects of soil amendments [i.e., control, gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM), and gypsum?+?FYM] and seed priming (i.e., unprimed, seed soaked in water for 10?hr prior to sowing, and seed soaked in 0.4% gypsum solution for 10?hr prior to sowing) were assessed on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in alkali soil in northwestern Pakistan. A split plot design was used, keeping priming methods in main plots and soil amendments in sub-plots. The results showed that the effects of soil amendments and seed priming on grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and number of spikes were significant but their interactive effect was non-significant. The highest crop yields and yield index were obtained with gypsum?+?FYM amendments, and seed priming with gypsum solution. The effect on seed emergence, plant height and number of grains per spike was, however, not significant. Grain yield increased by 104% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment over control and by 16.8% with seed primed in water, followed by 8.5% with priming in gypsum solution, as compared to non-priming. The weight of 1000 grains was significantly increased by 35% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment and by 15.8% in gypsum priming. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content increased with soil amendments. Soil pH and gypsum requirement reduced significantly with soil amendments. The blend of gypsum and FYM has improved the properties of salt-affected soil and enhanced fertility for optimum production of wheat in addition to the beneficial effect of seed priming in gypsum solution on crop yield. Using these amendments could be ameliorative in removing the adverse effect of the salt-affected soils, rendering the soil a good medium for plant growth.     

糯米糍荔枝叶片矿质养分含量充足范围的确定

对深圳市4个典型丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片7种矿质养分(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌和硼)含量的统计分析表明:采样地点和生育时期均对叶片营养元素含量有显著的影响。四个关键生育时期(末次秋梢老熟期、花芽形态分化期、谢花期和果实成熟期)的单株样与混合(多株)样的供试矿质养分含量之间大部分没有显著差异。本研究根据丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片混合样的分析结果提出了7种矿质养分的充足含量范围。     

Wind erosion and sand accumulation effects on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Farmland,Inner Mongolia

Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate the effects of wind erosion and leeward sand accumulation on soil texture, nutrient content, soil water, and soil temperature. The research showed that long term wind erosion could result in significant soil coarseness, infertility and dryness. Severe erosion reduced clay by 59.6%, organic C by 71.2%, total N by 67.4%, total P by 31.4%, available N by 64.5%, available P by 38.8%, and average soil water content by 51.8%, compared with non-eroded farmland in the study region. The sand fraction (particles > 0.05 mm), pH and ground-surface temperature increased by 6.2%, 3.7%, and 2.2 °C, respectively. Accumulated sand also caused a decrease in nutrients and soil water content. Under severe sand accumulation, clay was reduced by 2.0%, organic C by 19.3%, total N by 21.7%, total P by 13.7%, available N by 52.5%, and average soil water content by 26.6%. The sand fraction, pH, available P, and ground-surface temperature increased by 0.2%, 0.9%, 5.8% and 2.8 °C, respectively.     

稻田土壤养分的空间变异性研究

本研究以嘉善县陶庄农场内一块5.1hm2的水稻田为研究区,区内不规则采样,共128个采样点。以土壤的pH、有机质、全磷、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量为研究对象,研究其相应的统计规律,结果表明土壤各养分属性的变异系数在6.3%~35.61%之间,pH为5.3%;采用地统计的半方差函数分析,发现有机质,全氮,碱解氮和速效钾在一定范围内存在空间相关性;采用克立格方法进行最优内插,绘制了养分含量分布图,并对其空间变异进行了初步分析。