大棚设施土壤养分和重金属状况研究

对山东寿光不同棚龄大棚土壤速效N、P、K及重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量调查表明:随大棚棚龄的增加,速效N、P含量有显著的增加,其增加量与棚龄呈极显著正相关,速效K含量增加幅度不大,即N、P、K施用不均衡;重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量随大棚棚龄的增加有一定的增加,Cd含量没有明显的规律性,但这几项重金属含量均比农田含量要高,表明在大棚高强度施肥及人为活动影响下,引入了重金属;农田及大棚重金属含量均较土壤背景值有一定程度的增加,但未超出国家环境质量标准。     

外源ABA和6-BA对不同持绿型小麦旗叶衰老的影响及其生理机制

为深入认识植物激素在小麦抗氧化和调控衰老中的作用机制,以持绿品种汶农6号和非持绿品种济麦20为材料,在盛花期后喷施脱落酸(ABA)和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA),考察外源激素对旗叶衰老过程中生理生化指标动态变化以及籽粒产量的影响,并探讨了激素与衰老的关系。结果表明,汶农6号旗叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素含量及籽粒千粒重和产量均大于济麦20,且丙二醛(MDA)含量低于济麦20,表明持绿型品种抗氧化能力强,衰老进程较慢,进而获得较高产量。外源ABA和6-BA处理显著提高花后7~28 d旗叶叶绿素含量,提高花后21~35 d可溶性蛋白含量,显著降低花后28~35 d旗叶MDA含量。外源ABA降低两品种旗叶玉米素(ZR)含量,但提高生长素(IAA)和赤霉素(GA)含量,降低了其在花后28~35 d的ABA含量。6-BA处理提高旗叶ZR含量及花后7~14 d IAA含量,降低济麦20花后21~35 d旗叶ABA含量。外源ABA显著提高汶农6号花后7~21 d旗叶SOD活性,喷施ABA对汶农6号旗叶POD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性影响没有显著性影响,但显著提高了济麦20花后7~28 d POD活性,喷施6-BA提高了两品种7~28 d SOD、POD和CAT活性。总之,ABA和6-BA处理改变了旗叶内源激素水平,提高抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,延缓旗叶衰老,从而提高了籽粒产量。     

油棕园间套种菠萝对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

为了探索幼龄油棕园间套种菠萝对土壤养分以及酶活性的影响,采用大田试验,在油棕与不同品种菠萝间套种种植模式下比较分析油棕园土壤养分及土壤酶活性大小。结果表明：间套种菠萝能够降低土壤pH值,有机质含量间套种处理与对照差异不明显,菠萝收获期较生长期有机质含量提高。土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量间套种处理要高于对照,土壤速效钾生长期间套种处理高于对照,成熟期处理与对照间差异不显著。间套种处理整体上降低土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性,但却提高了过氧化氢酶的活性。     

壳聚糖对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、 脂肪含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为了探讨饲料中添加壳聚糖对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、脂肪含量及抗氧化能力的影响.以初始体重为(46.03±0.11)g的星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼为研究对象,用壳聚糖等比例替代基础饲料中0(D0,对照组)、0.25％(D1)、0.50％(D2)、1.00％(D3)、2.00％(D4)的α-纤维素来配制5种等氮等能的饲料进行64天的生长实验.结果表明:(1)各处理组增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)及摄食率(DFI)均随壳聚糖含量的升高而升高,脏体比(VSI随壳聚糖含量的升高而显著降低(P＜0.05);添加壳聚糖对各组的饲料系数(FCR及存活率(SR)无显著影响(P＞0.05);(2)各处理组全鱼脂肪含量随壳聚糖含量升高而降低,D4组显著低于D0组(P＜0.05)且全鱼脂肪含量与血清甘油三酯(TG),总胆固醇(CHO),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均呈高度正相关;(3)D4组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于D0组(P＜0.05),其他各试验组与对照组相比均有所提高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05); D2组血清抗超氧阴离子(O2-)活性显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05);各处理组血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和溶菌酶(LZM)活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并分别在D3组、D3组、D2组、D2组达到最高(P＜0.05);各处理组血清白蛋白(Alb)及总蛋白浓度(TP)浓度均随壳聚糖含量的升高而升高,且D4组显著高于D0组(P＜0.05).实验证明,在配合饲料中添加壳聚糖能够显著提高星斑川鲽幼鱼生长性能和机体抗氧化能力并降低机体脂肪含量;以增重率及抗氧化能力为综合评价指标,星斑川鲽幼鱼饲料壳聚糖的适宜添加量为0.50％.     

镉胁迫对莴苣种子萌发及抗氧化酶系统的影响

以笋王一号莴苣为试验材料,研究了不同浓度Cd胁迫对莴苣种子萌发、胚根胚芽生长、丙二醛(MDA)及抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明:随着Cd浓度的增加,莴苣种子的发芽率逐渐降低,而Cd对种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数以及胚根的伸长则表现出低促高抑的效应.Cd对胚根生长的抑制程度较胚芽明显.随着Cd浓度的增加.胚根中MDA含量、SOD、G-POD活性明显增加,APX和CAT活性则明显降低,而胚芽中只在高浓度Cd胁迫下(100μmol/L)才发生明显变化.     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

潮土区不同质地土壤的养分动态变化研究

对华北平原大兴县 1 982— 2 0 0 0年两个时段大量土壤样本的分析结果表明 ,土壤养分含量与土壤质地表现出明显的一致性 ,体现了土壤质地越重 ,养分含量越高的特点 ;土壤质地对土壤养分含量的影响 ,1 982年的大于 2 0 0 0年的 ;但 2 0年来 ,由于土地利用集约度的增强 ,质地对土壤养分水平的影响渐趋减弱 ,不同质地土壤的养分水平渐趋一致     

Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

大比例尺区域土壤养分空间变异定量分析

应用地质统计学的方法对北京昌平县南邵乡２６４０ｈｍ＾２,土地上的土壤有机质,全氮,有效氮,有效磷及有效钾的空间分布特征,进行了定量分析,并绘出它们的等值线图,对于研究和评价大比例尺区域土壤养分空间变异规律和动态变化有一定的理论和实践意义。