肌肉发生相关长链非编码RNA研究进展

肌肉参与机体的运动、协调和体温调节等一系列生命活动,同时畜禽肌肉是人类重要的蛋白质来源。肌肉发生过程中的不同调控机制可引起肌肉发育的阶段性差异,而整个肌肉发育主要以两个时期（胚胎期和出生后）的发育状态体现。长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）是一类不具有蛋白编码能力且长度>200 nt的RNA分子。近年来,随着基因组学和分子生物学技术的高速发展,发现lncRNA广泛参与到肌肉发育的各个阶段,以多种作用机制调控肌肉的发育过程。作者介绍了肌肉的发育过程,综述了目前发现的与肌肉发育相关的lncRNAs及其作用机制,并阐述其在肌肉发育的不同阶段发挥的重要作用,为进一步研究肌肉发育相关lncRNAs提供了参考。     

基于转录组测序分析研究枸芪多糖对育肥猪肠黏膜免疫功能的作用机理

本试验旨在研究枸芪多糖对育肥猪肠黏膜免疫调控的关键基因,阐明其对肠黏膜免疫功能的可能作用机理.选用80～90日龄的健康育肥母猪180头,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复15头猪.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加0.1％的枸芪多糖,试验期90 d.采集育肥猪的空肠肠段,提取RNA后进行转录组测序分析差异免疫...     

牛支原体耐药性研究进展

在对国内外牛支原体的耐药性研究进展做以综述的基础上,对近年来支原体的耐药机制进行了概述,以期为养牛业生产中牛支原体病的防治和耐药机制的研究提供参考.     

“互联网+”背景下电子商务在饲料企业经营中的运行机制研究

电子商务的迅猛发展,不仅改变了企业的经营模式,也改变了用户的消费习惯和理念。饲料企业也开始寻求电子商务与传统交易方式相结合的经营模式,谋求企业的长远发展。本文基于"互联网+"背景下,深入分析了我国饲料企业电子商务的经营现状和存在的问题,探讨了电子商务在企业经营中的运行机制和不足之处,并提出了相关的优化对策,以期能帮助企业实现可持续发展。     

替代抗生素饲料添加剂研究进展

抗生素作为主要的饲料添加剂在几十年的广泛应用过程中造成了致病菌耐药性增强、动物免疫力降低、影响动物疫苗的效价、通过食物链影响人体健康等亟待解决的问题。我国农业农村部已发布公告,自2020年起我国饲料全面禁止添加使用抗生素类添加剂,饲料行业正式进入“无抗时代”。长期以来,研究人员积极寻求研发各种抗生素替代品及绿色无害的饲料添加剂,以消除或减轻禁用抗生素带来的一系列影响。就目前主要抗生素替代品的抗菌特点及抗菌机理进行综述,旨在为“禁抗”后抗菌性添加剂在饲料中的应用提供参考。     

赭曲霉毒素A对肉鸡毒性作用的研究进展

霉菌毒素污染是影响动物饲料安全的重要因素。赭曲霉毒素A（ochratoxin A,OTA）广泛存在于肉鸡饲料原料中。众多研究表明,OTA对肉鸡具有肾毒性、肝毒性、细胞毒性、遗传毒性、致癌性、致畸性、免疫毒性和肠道毒性等,给肉鸡养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失,也对动物和人类的健康造成威胁。对国内外OTA研究进展进行总结归纳,从诱导机体产生肠毒性、肝毒性、肾毒性和免疫毒性四方面阐述OTA对肉鸡的致毒机制,为深入研究OTA提供参考。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

干扰素研究进展

干扰素是一类具有广泛生物学活性的蛋白质,具有调节机体免疫功能、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种作用,是机体防御系统的重要组成部分。该文主要叙述了干扰素的分类基本特性,作用机理及其在人医和兽医上的应用,并指出了当前干扰素研究中存在的问题。     

采煤沉陷区苦草的生物学特性及其竞争机制

采煤活动所致的动态沉陷湿地具有动态性、高潜水位和生态脆弱性等特点,探明此类人工重构湿地的水生植物群落的生物学特性及其竞争机制,有助于为采煤沉陷区湿地水生植物群落修复提供科学依据。本研究以淮南潘集区人工构建的苦草群落(Ass. Vallisneria natans)为例,采用样方调查法,研究苦草的生物学特性及其与其他水生植物的竞争机制。结果表明,1)沉陷区苦草的生物学特性与浅水湖泊较一致。主要表现在苦草的繁殖方式、传粉方式、生活史方面,但研究区苦草以有性繁殖为主。2)沉陷区苦草能与以种子萌发形成的水烛群丛(Ass. Typha angustifolia)共生,但生物量低;在与形成两年以上的水烛群丛竞争中处于劣势,在水烛群丛盖度达到90%时苦草逐渐消失。3)沉陷区苦草在与浮叶植物莕菜群丛(Ass. Nymphoides peltatum)、苹群丛(Ass. Marsilea quadrifolia)竞争中处于弱势,其盖度、株高、生物量等指标都明显下降。4)沉陷区苦草在与沉水植物竹叶眼子菜群丛(Ass. Potamogeton malaianus)竞争中处于劣势,苦草与沉水植物黑藻群丛(Ass. Hydrilla verticillata)、狐尾藻群丛(Ass. Myriophyllum verticillatum)、大茨藻群丛(Ass. Najas marina)、金鱼藻群丛(Ass. Ceratophyllum demersum)占据不同水层空间,种间竞争不强烈,能较好地共存。总之,苦草较之于相似生长型的植物具有较明显的竞争优势,对于具有不同生活型,尤其是挺水植物和浮叶植物,处于竞争劣势。     

白藜芦醇对畜禽骨骼肌纤维类型转化的影响及其机理

白藜芦醇是自然界中广泛存在于葡萄、花生等植物中的一类多酚类化合物,具有广泛的生物学活性,如抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、保护心血管等。近年来,白藜芦醇在骨骼肌纤维类型转化上的功能研究也得到越来越多的关注。研究表明,白藜芦醇能诱导酵解型肌纤维向氧化型肌纤维的转化,从而达到改善禽畜肉质的目的。本文将综合最新研究报道,总结白藜芦醇对骨骼肌纤维类型转化的影响及其可能的作用机理,为其在畜牧生产上的应用提供理论基础。