“以畜控草”与新疆草畜平衡管理的探讨

长期以来,社会各界及业内都把"以草定畜"视为对天然草地放牧管理与生态保护和建设的终极目标,"以草定畜"似乎已被广泛认同,但是,在草原牧区实现"以草定畜"依然任重道远。在新疆天山北坡,同地带、同一类型的山地草甸草地,在夏季与冬季两种不同放牧利用制度下,植被成分差异显著,在冬季放牧利用制度下,山地草甸草地植被成分中,阔叶杂类草及小灌木明显增多,牧草再生性减弱;而在夏季放牧利用制度下,植被成分中小杂类草与禾本科牧草明显增多,牧草再生性增强;在降水量较丰富的中山带,禁牧封育2～3年后,植被成分中饲用价值低、家畜不宜采食的粗大杂类草明显增多。"以畜控草"应该成为更加积极的草地管理态度和方式。在目前天然草地放牧量难以较大幅度减控的情况下,通过"以畜控草",可以既保持草地植被健康状况又有利于草原畜牧业的发展,这对于实施牧民定居与冷季舍饲的新疆草原牧区,具有极为重要的现实意义。     

湘中地区葡萄园育草生态种养模式综合效应试验

为了高效利用葡萄园的土地资源,分别采用种葡萄—育草—养鸡—养鱼—种冬菜和种葡萄—育草—养鸡—养鱼这两种生态种养模式,并以传统的葡萄园清耕模式作对比,对不同葡萄园育草生态种养模式的综合效应进行了田间大区比较试验。结果表明:与传统清耕模式比较,采用生态种养模式处理的葡萄园其土壤含水量变幅值、耕层地温年变幅值均缩小,土壤容重均有所降低,而土壤孔隙度均有所增加,土壤有机质含量有所提高;葡萄新梢生长量、单果质量和产量均明显增长,两种生态种养模式与传统清耕模式间的差异均达到极显著水平;采用生态种养模式经营的经济效益(纯收入)为传统清耕模式的2.02倍,其中,采用种葡萄—育草—养鸡—养鱼—冬菜模式经营的经济效益最高,这种生态种养模式适于城郊和蔬菜基地推广;采用种葡萄—育草—养鸡—养鱼模式经营的经济效益次之,这种生态种养模式适于南方红壤紫色土浅丘区推广。     

景泰县野生牧草资源调查及开发利用初探

对景泰县草场类型、数量、载畜量及基本特征进行了论述,提出了合理开发利用牧草资源的措施。     

京郊边际土地纤维素类能源草规模化种植与管理技术

为探索能源植物在北京及周边地区的发展潜力,在京郊挖沙废弃地、荒滩地、撂荒地、污染农田4种边际土地上开展了柳枝稷、荻、芦竹和杂交狼尾草4种纤维素类能源草的规模化种植。在此基础上,总结提出了京郊边际土地纤维素类能源草规模化种植与管理技术,为基于边际土地发展京郊生物质原料生产与生物质能源产业奠定了良好的技术基础。     

二甲四氯钠与草甘膦混用防除棉田节节草的效果

节节草是棉田入侵性难除杂草,一般除草剂难以防治,作者采用草甘膦与二甲四氯钠混合施用,其防治效果可达95％以上,药效期可保持在30天以上,比人工除草或草甘膦、二甲四氯钠盐的单一防除效果要好,且防效期更长。     

污泥对草坪草逆境生理的影响

日益增长的污水处理副产物——污泥的处置问题越来越引起人们的关注,将污泥应用于草坪草的种植被认为是污泥资源化利用的可行途径之一。本文综述了污泥对草坪草逆境生理影响的研究进展,众多研究表明,适宜用量的污泥对草坪草叶绿素及光合效应、矿质营养、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系统均有有益影响,能提高其应对逆境的适应能力;过量施用污泥则会影响草坪草的生长,不同的草种对污泥施用量的要求不同。污泥能提高草坪草抗逆性的原因可能是由于污泥富含多种营养元素和生物活性物质,但其提高草坪草抗逆性的内在机制还有待进一步研究。     

草鱼胆汁酸与细菌生长试验

本文研究了草鱼结合胆汁酸直游离胆汁酸盐的抑菌作用,研究结果表明,草鱼结合胆汁酸直力游离胆汁酸酸盐对三种革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌和苦草孢杆菌有抑菌作用,能够明显地抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长。草鱼结合胆汁酸盐像乳糖培养基中的牛胆盐一样,能够抑制革兰阳性菌的生长,而有利于革兰氏阴性菌和如大肠杆菌的生长。草鱼游离胆汁酸盐像ＧＮ增菌液中的去氧胆酸钠一样,能够抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长,而对革兰氏     

茶园种植紫花苜蓿对节肢动物群落结构的影响

在崂山茶区采用网捕法和植株拍打法研究了种草和清耕茶园节肢动物数量的变化规律。结果表明,种植紫花苜蓿的第2年,节肢动物数量增加明显,种群结构趋于稳定。共调查到节肢动物12目,44科,81种,类群最大的为蜘蛛目,有27种,其次是同翅目,有12种,鞘翅目有10种,膜翅目有9种,其他23种。种草园与清耕园相比,节肢动物种类增加18.0%～19.0%,害虫数量平均减少75.6%,天敌种类增加10.3%～17.1%,个体数增加64.0%～77.1%,节肢动物数量在一年中的变化幅度平缓。茶园使用化学农药,是影响节肢动物数量的主要因素。在种植紫花苜蓿的茶园,不使用任何化学农药也不致造成害虫危害。     

Modelling the concentrations of nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrates in grass herbage ingested by cattle under strip-grazing management

There is scope of increasing the nitrogen (N) efficiency of grazing cattle through manipulation of the energy and N concentrations in the herbage ingested. Because of asymmetric grazing by cattle between individual plant parts, it has not yet been established how this translates into the concentrations of N and water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the herbage ingested. A model is described with the objective of assessing the efficacy of individual tools in grassland management in manipulating the WSC and N concentrations of the herbage ingested by cattle under strip‐grazing management throughout the growing season. The model was calibrated and independently evaluated for early (April), mid‐ (June, regrowth phase) and late (September) parts of the growing season. There was a high correlation between predicted and observed WSC concentrations in the ingested herbage (R² = 0·78, P < 0·001). The correlation between predicted and observed neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations in the ingested herbage was lower (R² = 0·49, P < 0·05) with a small absolute bias. Differences in the N concentration between laminae and sheaths, and between clean patches and fouled patches, were adequately simulated and it was concluded that the model could be used to assess the efficacy of grassland management tools for manipulating the WSC and N concentrations in the ingested herbage. Model application showed that reduced rates of application of N fertilizer and longer rotation lengths were effective tools for manipulating herbage quality in early and mid‐season. During the later part of the growing season, the large proportion of area affected by dung and urine reduced the effect of application rate of N fertilizer on herbage quality. In contrast, relative differences between high‐sugar and low‐sugar cultivars of perennial ryegrass were largest during this period. This suggests that high‐sugar cultivars may be an important tool in increasing N efficiency by cattle when risks of N losses to water bodies are largest. The model output showed that defoliation height affects the chemical composition of the ingested herbage of both the current and the subsequent grazing period.     

高速公路坡面防护草种选择和应用技术研究

根据试验及调查结果，分析研究了护坡草皮生长及水土保持效果的评价指标，分析评价了不同草种，选用不同的种植方法，在不同季节种植的生长状况和水土保持效果，并根据防护效果和不同的工程造价，确立适宜于我省或相近气候区域内公路坡面防护的优良草种及其种植方法。