动物福利法的历史起源、现状及意义

动物福利法的基本出发点是让动物在康乐的状态下生存,即减少其所受的不必要的痛苦,并且针对不同动物采取不同的福利标准,让人与动物和谐相处,从而推动社会的文明进步。本文对动物福利法的历史起源、现状及意义进行了叙述,并对动物福利法的立法宗旨、福利标准、结构框架及对中国法制进程的影响等诸方面进行了讨论。     

Identifying Wildlife Species Believed to be Deserving of Protection From Hunting by U.S. Residents

This article examines the perceptions of individuals toward protecting animals from hunting. Researchers surveyed 825 U.S. residents in an online survey about their views of whether 17 species of mammals should be protected from hunting. Over 85% of respondents believed elephant, white rhino, black rhino, hippo, leopard, lion, and polar bear species should be protected from hunting. Conversely, only 55% of respondents believed mountain lion and coyote should be protected. Cross tabulations and logit analysis were employed to explore relationships between believing an animal species should be protected from hunting and demographics. Older and female respondents more often agreed that species should be protected from hunting. Those who hunted or knew a hunter less frequently agreed that the species surveyed should be protected from hunting. Demographics and previous exposure to hunting appear to influence beliefs about what species should be protected from hunting.     

Genetic analyses of piglet survival and individual birth weight on first generation data of a selection experiment for piglet survival under outdoor conditions

Genetic parameters of piglet survival traits and birth weight were estimated on the first generation data of a selection experiment aimed at improving piglet survival using a multiple trait linear and threshold model. Data on 5293 piglets for survival at birth, at day one after birth and during the entire nursing period, as well as individual birth weight and litter size, were recorded in an outdoor production system. Genetic effects of piglet survival traits and birth weight were estimated based on threshold and Gaussian models, respectively, using a Bayesian approach. The statistical model included as fixed effects selection group, parity, gender, fostering, gestation length and month of farrowing and, alternatively, an adjustment for litter size. Direct genetic effects (i.e. the piglet's genetic potential) for piglet survival and birth weight were estimated separately, whereas maternal genetic and environmental effects could only be estimated for the given data structure in a combined litter effect. Posterior means of heritabilities for direct genetic effects of survival at birth, at first day after birth and the entire nursing period, as well as birth weight, were 0.08, 0.07, 0.08 and 0.20, respectively. Genetic correlations among survival traits were in the range of 0.29 to 0.40 and indicate that these traits were mainly attributable to different genetic effects. Genetic correlations between direct effects of survival traits and birth weight ranged between 0.18 and 0.23 and were reduced when weights of stillborn piglets were omitted in the analysis or the traits were adjusted for litter size. The magnitudes of direct genetic effects of survival traits are substantially higher than estimates in the literature, which may indicate that these traits have a higher genetic influence under outdoor conditions. The use of birth weight in the multiple trait estimation provided important information for the estimation of survival traits due to its favourable genetic correlations with survival, its high heritability and its high information content as a continuously measured trait.     

应用动物模型REML法估计金华猪繁殖性状遗传参数

试验资料取自金华猪场 1 979～1 999年金华猪繁殖性能的生产记录。采用动物模型约束性最大似然法 (REML)对该猪群的遗传参数进行估计 ,测定 1 1 4 4头纯繁金华母猪的产仔哺育记录。结果表明 ,产仔数 (TNB)、产活仔数 (NBA)、初生重 (PBW)、初生窝重 (LBW)、 2 0日龄头数(NFC)、 2 0日龄窝重 (LWFC)、 2 0日龄重 (PWFC)、 60日龄头数 (NW)、 60日龄窝重 (LWW)、 60日龄重 (PWW)、乳头数 (TN)的遗传力分别为0 1 2± 0 0 9、 0 1 8± 0 1 1、 0 1 5± 0 0 9、 0 0 2± 0 0 9、 0 1 0± 0 1 1、 0 0 8± 0 1 3、 0 1 8± 0 1 0、 0 2 3± 0 1 1、 0 31± 0 1 3、 0 35± 0 1 1和 0 1 9± 0 1 0。TNB与NBA、LBW、NW、LWW的遗传相关范围为 0 66～ 0 88,TNB与PBW的遗传相关为 - 0 43。NBA与LBW、NW、LWW的遗传相关范围为 0 60～ 0 64,NBA与PBW遗传相关为 - 0 63。PBW与PWW的遗传相关为 0 51。     

禽蛋中农药残留检测方法研究进展

禽蛋是人类获取动物蛋白的重要来源之一,禽蛋中残留的农药导致食品安全隐患,威胁人类健康,因此迫切需要建立有效的检测方法,为禽蛋产品的质量安全提供技术保障.文章综述了近十年来国内外文献报道及我国国家标准中规定的禽蛋样品农药残留的前处理方法和分析检测方法,为进一步研究建立简便高效的分析检测新方法、新技术提供参考.     

Variant surface glycoproteins from Venezuelan trypanosome isolates are recognized by sera from animals infected with either Trypanosoma evansi or Trypanosoma vivax

Salivarian trypanosomes sequentially express only one variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) on their cell surface from a large repertoire of VSG genes. Seven cryopreserved animal trypanosome isolates known as TeAp-ElFrio01, TEVA1 (or TeAp-N/D1), TeGu-N/D1, TeAp-Mantecal01, TeGu-TerecayTrino, TeGu-Terecay03 and TeGu-Terecay323, which had been isolated from different hosts identified in several geographical areas of Venezuela were expanded using adult albino rats. Soluble forms of predominant VSGs expressed during the early infection stages were purified and corresponded to concanavalin A-binding proteins with molecular masses of 48–67 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropohoresis, and pI values between 6.1 and 7.5. The biochemical characterization of all purified soluble VSGs revealed that they were dimers in their native form and represented different gene products. Sequencing of some of these proteins yielded peptides homologous to VSGs from Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei and Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi and established that they most likely are mosaics generated by homologous recombination. Western blot analysis showed that all purified VSGs were cross-reacting antigens that were recognized by sera from animals infected with either T. evansi or Trypanosoma (Dutonella) vivax. The VSG glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol cross-reacting determinant epitope was only partially responsible for the cross-reactivity of the purified proteins, and antibodies appeared to recognize cross-reacting conformational epitopes from the various soluble VSGs. ELISA experiments were performed using infected bovine sera collected from cattle in a Venezuelan trypanosome-endemic area. In particular, soluble VSGs from two trypanosome isolates, TeGu-N/D1 and TeGu-TeracayTrino, were recognized by 93.38% and 73.55% of naturally T. vivax-infected bovine sera, respectively. However, approximately 70% of the sera samples did not recognize all seven purified proteins. Hence, the use of a combination of various VSGs for the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis is recommended.     

浅析食品防腐剂

对食品防腐剂分类进行阐述,主要介绍了我国食品防腐剂的应用状况及开发进展,对我国目前广泛使用的化学防腐剂存在的问题和近年来新开发的天然防腐剂的种类做了较详细的综述.     

家畜胚胎干细胞的分离培养和鉴定

家畜胚胎干细胞的分离培养和鉴定工作对于研究和利用家畜胚胎干细胞具有重大意义。本文对文献中报道的各种分离、培养和鉴定方法进行了综述 ,并介绍了几种主要家畜的胚胎干细胞在近十余年间的研究进展情况。     

Animal genetic resource trade flows: The utilization of newly imported breeds and the gene flow of imported animals in the United States of America

Animal germplasm exchange has recently received attention as a product of the FAO's State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources effort. Some have advocated a need to explore policies and regulations on the exchange of germplasm (e.g., Hiemstra, S.J., Drucker, A., Tvedt, M., Louwaars, N., Oldenbroek, J., Awgichew, K., Kebede, S., Bhat, P., da Silva Mariante, A. 2006. Exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources: policies and regulatory options. Centre for Genetic Resources. Wageningen Univ., the Netherlands, pp. 1­43). However, there has been little comprehensive assessment of either the economic or genetic impact of introduced germplasm into national populations. As a result, much of the discussion of gene flows has been based on assumptions and generalizations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the genetic impact of germplasm imported into the United States during the last 25 to 50 years. The paper considers both new breeds (Meishan pigs, Tuli cattle, and Boer goats) and new animals within existing breeds (Limousin and Jersey cattle). Of the new breeds recently imported only one had an impact on US animal agriculture. Neither the Tuli nor the Meishan has impacted the US livestock industry. It appears that these breeds were initially viewed as attractive because of single traits, but producers did not find it attractive to adopt the new breeds based on these specific traits. In the end, these breeds did not prove competitive in the US under the current set of market conditions. This result would indicate that importation of new genetic resources due to a single trait of interest is not a viable importation strategy. By contrast, the Boer goat exhibited a number of production characteristics which made it desirable to US producers and thereby allowed the breed to become well established. A second portion of the study evaluated the importation and parentage pattern of Limousin cattle as they became established in the U. S. and the gene flow of imported Jersey cattle since the 1950′s. In both cases, the study relied on pedigree analysis. Over the past fifty years, Jersey cattle have been sporadically imported from various countries, but no imported animal has had an overpowering effect on the population. It appears that by the great-grand progeny level, the genes from imported animals are diminishing rather than increasing in the population. In evaluating the predicted transmitting abilities for imported cattle relative to high and moderately ranked domestically bred cattle, there were significant differences between these groups for milk production. This would be sufficient to explain why the impact of the imported cattle diminished. The results of our analysis at both the breed and individual level underscore the speculative nature of germplasm importation — even within breeds where there is a great deal of information available about production characteristics. From this analysis, we conclude that successful importation of new breeds into the US must be based on a large number of production characteristics; importation for a single characteristic (e.g., high prolificacy) while the breed is deficient in other areas does not lead to the breed's adoption. While not fully explored in this work, it appears that initial interest and acceptance from the private sector is crucial for breed acceptance, as the Boer goat demonstrates. Within an existing breed, importation of individual animals still appears to have a relatively high degree of risk and is dependent upon the importer's ability to pick viable candidates. However, once animals are imported their progeny must effectively compete with the domestic population, or else their genetic contribution will rapidly diminish.     

藏北草原牧民可持续生计分析—以班戈县为例

运用实地调查的方法,对藏北草原牧业户和兼业户进行比较分析和回归分析,以期提高人们对藏北草原牧民生计状况的认识,并对藏北草原牧民生活水平提升和收入增长提供一定的参考依据。结果表明:班戈县牧业户呈现"低质化"特征;兼业户的资本禀赋要好于牧业户;拥有较多自然资本和经济资本的牧户习惯于以单纯依靠牧业收入作为其生计策略;拥有较多人力资本、物质资本和社会资本的牧户更愿意选择多种经营方式来获取更多收入;物质资本对牧户生计策略的影响最为显著,社会资本显著程度不高,而人力资本存量偏低。总体来说,牧民生计在提升藏北草原牧民生活水平和促进牧民收入提高过程中显得更加急迫和重要。