篮子鱼生物学与养殖技术研究现状及展望

篮子鱼共有27种,广泛分布于热带亚热带的印度洋-太平洋及地中海东部海域.篮子鱼具有食性杂、养殖周期短、营养价值高等优点,可摄食藻类,混养时能提高单位水体产量.近年来篮子鱼生物学研究不断深入,人工繁育逐渐开展,养殖规模不断扩大.综述了篮子鱼形态结构、生长特性、食性与营养需求等生物学特征,总结了篮子鱼池塘养殖与网箱养殖技术,并对人工养殖存在的问题与发展前景进行了阐述,预计篮子鱼可以开发成为优良的杂食性养殖品种.     

Most fish destined for fishmeal production are food‐grade fish

Marine fisheries target and catch fish both for direct human consumption (DHC) as well as for fishmeal and fish oil, and other products. We derived the fractions used for each for 1950–2010 by fishing country, and thus provide a factual foundation for discussions of the optimal use of fisheries resources. From 1950 to 2010, 27% (~20 million tonnes annually) of globally reconstructed marine fisheries landings were destined for uses other than DHC. Importantly, 90% of fish destined for uses other than DHC are food‐grade or prime food‐grade fish, while fish without a ready market for DHC make up a much smaller proportion. These findings have implications for how we are using fish to feed ourselves or, more appropriately, how we are not using fish to feed ourselves.     

不同开口饵料对克氏原螯虾幼虾发育及消化酶活性的影响

实验采用丰年虫无节幼体、草鱼鱼糜、水蚯蚓、1号人工配合饲料和2号人工配合饲料为克氏原螯虾的开口饵料,观察幼虾存活率和生长情况。经过40d的培育,对幼虾的胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力进行测定。结果表明：投喂丰年虫无节幼体的实验组幼虾存活率最高,为75,增重率和增长率也最大,分别为4746.00和171.00。幼虾的胃蛋白酶活性与投喂的饵料密切相关,投喂丰年虫无节幼体组幼虾的胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别为2.18U/mgprot和0.96U/mgprot,极显著高于投喂草鱼鱼糜实验组。实验的5种开口饵料中,丰年虫无节幼体是克氏原螯虾幼虾的最佳开口饵料。摄食丰年虫无节幼体可能提高了主要消化酶的活性,从而促进了克氏原螯虾幼体的生长。     

仔猪断奶应激及其营养调控

综述了断奶应激对仔猪的影响,分析了应激发生的原因,阐述了相应的饲养调控措施,以期为早期断奶应激综合症的防治和科学饲养管理断奶仔猪提供理论依据.     

体重和温度对草鱼摄食小浮萍的影响

研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)对浮萍的摄食能力及主要影响因素,为合理利用草鱼控制小江回水区浮萍暴发提供依据。草鱼(体重29.7~491.2 g)取自红安县中海农业科技有限公司渔场,小浮萍种源采自重庆市云阳县高阳镇黄莲坝库湾。在试验室条件下研究了草鱼对小浮萍的最大摄食量、最大摄食率与体重和温度的关系。结果表明,在水温(25.82±0.57)℃条件下,随着体重的增加(40.36~478.17 g),草鱼的最大摄食量增大,但最大摄食率呈减小的趋势,两者与体重的相关关系分别为C_(max)=2.460W~(0.779),FR_(max)=246.0W~(-0.221);水温(16.55~30.50℃)对草鱼的最大摄食量和最大摄食率的影响极显著(P0.01),最大摄食量和最大摄食率与水温的回归方程分别为C_(max)=0.074T~(2.045),FR_(max)=0.164T~(1.940);建立的预测不同温度和体重条件下草鱼对小浮萍最大摄食率的模型为:FR_(max)=0.410T~(1.940)W~(-0.221)。     

Effect of crude oil extracts from trout offal as a replacement for fish oil in the diets of the Australian native fish Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii

The efficacy of trout oil (TO), extracted from trout offal from the aquaculture industry, was evaluated in juvenile Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (25.4±0.81 g) diets in an experiment conducted over 60 days at 23.7±0.8 °C. Five isonitrogenous (48% protein), isolipidic (16%) and isoenergetic (21.8 kJ g^?1) diets, in which the fish oil fraction was replaced in increments of 25% (0–100%), were used. The best growth and feed efficiency was observed in fish fed diets containing 50–75% TO. The relationship of specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) to the amount of TO in the diets was described in each case by second‐order polynomial equations (P<0.05), which were: SGR=–0.44TO²+0.52TO+1.23 (r²=0.90, P<0.05); FCR=0.53TO²–0.64TO+1.21 (r²=0.95, P<0.05); and PER=–0.73TO²+0.90TO+1.54 (r²=0.90, P<0.05). Significant differences in carcass and muscle proximate compositions were noted among the different dietary treatments. Less lipid was found in muscle than in carcass. The fatty acids found in highest amounts in Murray cod, irrespective of the dietary treatment, were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1n‐9), linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3). The fatty acid composition of the muscle reflected that of the diets. Both the n‐6 fatty acid content and the n‐3 to n‐6 ratio were significantly (P<0.05) related to growth parameters, the relationships being as follows. Percentage of n‐6 in diet (X) to SGR and FCR: SGR=–0.12X²+3.96X–32.51 (r²=0.96) and FCR=0.13X²–4.47X+39.39 (r²=0.98); and n‐3:n‐6 ratio (Z) to SGR, FCR, PER: SGR=–2.02Z²+5.01Z–1.74 (r²=0.88), FCR=2.31Z²–5.70Z+4.54 (r²=0.93) and PER=–3.12Z²–7.56Z+2.80 (r²=0.88) respectively. It is evident from this study that TO could be used effectively in Murray cod diets, and that an n‐3:n‐6 ratio of 1.2 results in the best growth performance in Murray cod.     

Springtime abundance of chaetognaths in the shelf region of the northern Gulf of Alaska, with observations on the vertical distribution and feeding of Sagitta elegans

Chaetognatha were among the most dominant macrozooplankton taxa collected in 6 years of springtime collections, both throughout the water column and near-bottom on the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Three species ( Sagitta elegans, S. scrippsae, and Eukrohnia hamata ) were collected in 248 collections, although S. elegans was the numerically dominant species overall during most cruises. Collections taken in epibenthic sleds generally contained about two orders of magnitude more chaetognaths than those that sampled throughout the water column. Two size modes were apparent in the S. elegans size-frequency distributions which were believed to belong to different cohorts. Growth rate was on the order of 2–3 mm per month. The two cohorts showed asynchronous diel vertical distribution patterns, with the smaller individuals found near the surface during the day whereas the larger individuals were near the surface at night. About 7.5% of the S. elegans examined contained food. Copepods made up the majority (∼89% by number) of the diet of both large and small individuals. Euphausiid juveniles and cirripede larvae were also observed, as well as several incidences of cannibalism by large chaetognaths on smaller individuals. Based on the results of two diel series, this species was observed to feed mainly during the night-time.     

Retrospective analysis of the influence of environmental drivers on commercial stocks and fishing opportunities in the Irish Sea

Irish Sea fisheries have undergone considerable change in recent years following the decline of commercially important finfish stocks and their slow response to management's recovery plans. In 2015, the fishing industry called for a holistic exploration into the impact of environmental change and food web effects to identify the drivers underpinning stock dynamics. In this study, we identify correlations between large‐scale climatic indicators, temperature, primary and secondary productivity, and fish recruitment in the Irish Sea and incorporate them into an Ecopath with Ecosim food web model co‐created by scientists and fishers. Negative correlations were found between the North Atlantic Oscillation winter index (NAOw) and large zooplankton abundance and between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the recruitment of cod (Gadus morhua) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Using correlation analyses to direct the addition of environmental drivers to the Irish Sea ecosystem model improved the models fit against observed biomass and catch data and revealed the indirect impacts of environmental change as mitigated through trophic interactions. Model simulations suggest that historic environmental change suppressed the overall production of commercial finfish, limiting opportunities for the fishing industry, whilst also dampening the rate of stock recovery despite marked reductions in fishing effort. These results suggest that failure to account for ecosystem information may lead to misconceived expectations and flawed fisheries management; therefore, there is a need to operationalize ecosystem information through management procedures to support fisheries advice.     

刺参中间培育及生长特性的研究

研究报道了刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的中间培育技术及其生长特性。刺参在大棚水泥池内,采用地下海水源,全人工饵料,培育60天,参苗大小由1310头/kg长至322头/kg。重量由78kg增至305kg,成活率96.4%,饵料系数1.76。培育过程中2-3cm的幼参生长最快,长得很慢的“老头参”占4.3%。培育的基本环境条件:盐度24.795±0.015;温度14.6-15.2℃;溶氧(DO)多为6-9mg/L;pH值7.2-7.6;铵氮0.2mg/L以下。     

密度和饲料种类对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei争胜行为和生长的影响

在水温(23.0±1.0)℃和盐度(26±1.0)‰下,将体长(46.1±3.2)mm的凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei饲养在0.54m×0.36m×0.28m的塑料水槽中,密度为40尾/m~2(LLD)、80尾/m~2(MLD)、120尾/m~2(MHD),和160尾/m~2(HHD),投喂人工配合饲料;同时在密度50尾/m2下分别投喂人工配合饲料(ACF)、菲律宾蛤仔肉(RPF)和冰鲜杂鱼(FFF),测定投喂前1h、投喂时、投喂后1h对虾间的争斗数量、争斗时间、争斗发起方、胜利次数等指标,以探讨密度和饲料种类对凡纳滨对虾争胜行为和生长性能的影响。61d的饲养结果表明:凡纳滨对虾个体间的争斗次数和胜利次数随密度的升高而增加;不同密度间平均优势指数差异不显著(P0.05);饱食情况下凡纳滨对虾对三种饲料的选择无倾向性。