α-淀粉酶预处理对城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的影响研究

[目的]研究α-淀粉酶预处理城市生活垃圾后对厌氧消化产气和产甲烷的影响。[方法]采用单因素试验方法,用不同α-淀粉酶添加量、水解温度、水解时间和底物浓度预处理城市生活垃圾,考察经过预处理后的生活垃圾再进行中温厌氧消化对产气和产甲烷情况的影响。[结果]通过α-淀粉酶预处理后比不经过任何处理的效果更显著,且得到利用α-淀粉酶预处理城市生活垃圾来强化厌氧消化的适宜条件为：酶用量100U/gVS、水解温度50℃、水解时间1h、底物浓度为8%。[结论]试验为进一步优化厌氧消化工艺提供了基础数据。     

基于接种物的厨余垃圾厌氧发酵处理技术研究进展

引用了大量的文献资料,全面介绍了目前国内外基于接种物的厨余垃圾厌氧发酵处理技术的研究情况,其中接种物的种类包括污泥、菌种、动物粪便、矿化垃圾和废纸等。在此基础上提出了厨余垃圾厌氧发酵处理的展望,认为厌氧发酵对厨余垃圾的处理是目前生态上最为合理,经济上可行的处理方法。     

精氨酸生物制药废水的中试处理研究

[目的]研究精氨酸生物制药废水的特点,进行废水处理中试试验,为处理工艺的优化提供参考。[方法]以絮凝-厌氧-好氧-生物活性炭工艺处理精氨酸生物制药废水,研究各部分工艺最佳参数及动态变化。[结果]采用此工艺能有效降低废水中的CODCr和氨氮,去除率均达到90%以上。处理后的出水COD〈80.0mg/L,氨氮〈10.0mg/L,总磷〈0.5mg/L,达到国家GB21907-2008所规定的新建企业水污染物排放限值要求。[结论]絮凝-厌氧-好氧-生物活性炭处理精氨酸生物制药废水的工艺运行稳定,且出水能够回用于农业灌溉,具有推广价值。     

The effect of temperature and other factors on chlorophyll a fluorescence and the lower oxygen limit in apples (Malus domestica)

The effects of temperature, scan interval and rate of oxygen (O₂) decline on pulse frequency modulation (PFM)-based minimum fluorescence (F_α) and the F_α-based lower oxygen limit (LOL) were investigated using ‘Honeycrisp’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh). The effects of temperature and hypoxic stress on pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorescence parameters were also investigated. The PFM scan interval had no effect on the F_α baseline, but increases in the scan interval decreased the low-O₂-induced fluorescence spike intensity (ΔF_α). Temperature negatively correlated with the F_α baseline while ΔF_α °C⁻¹ was greater at lower than at higher temperatures. When using a PAM fluorometer, the minimum fluorescence (F_o), and to a lesser extent the maximum fluorescence (F_m), were similarly affected by temperature as was F_α. Temperature altered the LOL in fruit. Apples stored at 20, 10, 3.5 and 0 °C spiked at 0.72, 0.33, 0.22 and 0.08 kPa O₂, respectively, under a rapid O₂ decline (i.e., 20.9 to <1 kPa O₂ in ≈5–6 h). Although the low-O₂ F_α spike apex values did not change with temperature, the spike intensity increased with temperature due to a reduced fluorescence baseline. A slower O₂ decline rate produced slightly higher LOL and lower spike intensity values. In conclusion, temperature and rate of O₂ decline affected the low-O₂-induced PFM fluorescence spike intensity as well as the LOL, while the PFM scan interval affected the spike intensity.     

ABR反应器处理山梨酸废水的启动试验

[目的]寻找经济、有效的山梨酸废水的处理工艺。[方法]采用ABR高效厌氧反应器,进行山梨酸生产废水的启动试验。[结果]在35℃条件下,经历190d,成功地完成对ABR反应器的启动。进水COD容积负荷由0.26kg/（m3.d）增加到2.16kg/（m3.d）,COD去除率达到93%,挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和pH值也达到要求。在ABR反应器中形成大量性能良好的颗粒污泥,其尺度介于2～5mm。电镜分析表明,不同隔室内呈现种群配合良好的厌氧微生物分布,且各隔室中的颗粒污泥形状各异,表面凸凹不平,存在气孔。第1隔室存在大量优势发酵细菌,沿水流方向颗粒污泥中的微生物逐渐向产甲烷细菌菌群过渡。[结论]好氧处理前先采用厌氧法进行处理,可以完成ABR反应器处理山梨酸生产废水的启动。     

IC反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的特性研究

利用IC反应器处理垃圾渗滤液,试验在判断渗滤液C/N性能的基础上逐步提升进水有机负荷,使进水负荷在反应器启动末期达到垃圾渗滤液原水水质的要求,随着颗粒污泥的形成,反应器出水C/N比由0.62提高到1.70,CODCr去除率达到56.8%,氨氮去除率达到12.5%。反应器对垃圾渗滤液的去除率较低,建议实际工程中后续深度处理工艺。     

Increase in the Capacity of Interlayer Sites in a Paddy Soil as a Possible Factor Affecting the Dynamics of Fixed Ammonium at the Initial Stage of Anaerobic Incubation

To evaluate whether the capacity of interlayer sites affects the dynamics of fixed ammonium (NH₄⁺) in a paddy soil, a combination of potassium (K)–saturation treatment and stepwise extraction of nonexchangeable K with 0.01 mol L^?1 hydrochloric acid was applied to a soil incubated anaerobically up to 70 days. The capacity of interlayer sites increased with an increase of weakly fixed NH₄⁺ during the initial 28 days (r = 0.78, P < 0.01), and remained stable thereafter. On the other hand, the concentration of exchangeable NH₄⁺ increased curvilinearly during the whole incubation period, which was correlated with an increase of weakly fixed NH₄⁺ (r = 0.85, P < 0.01). These results suggested that the dynamics of weakly fixed NH₄⁺ in a paddy soil is regulated not only by the chemical equilibrium between exchangeable and weakly fixed NH₄⁺ but also by the capacity of interlayer sites within a few weeks after flooding.     

干湿耦合厌氧发酵工艺设计与发酵特性试验

针对目前大中型沼气工程存在原料单一及沼液沼渣处理难的问题,提出了干法发酵与湿法发酵相结合的干湿耦合厌氧发酵工艺,即畜禽粪便采用湿发酵,将湿法发酵产生的沼液沼渣与秸秆混合进行干法发酵.并研究了干湿耦合比例——沼液沼渣与秸秆比例(BRSR)及干法发酵渗滤液回流对发酵特性的影响,结果表明,随着湿干比例的增加启动时间缩短、产气量增加;干法发酵的渗滤液总固体质量分数为1％以下,达到了固液分离的效果,有利于循环利用和喷淋,解决了湿法厌氧发酵沼液沼渣处理难的问题,实现了沼液的循环利用.     

微量元素对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的影响实验

针对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵效率和稳定性较低的问题,采用CSTR反应器在中温（37±1）℃下探究了微量元素Fe、Co、Ni、Se、Mo、W对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的影响。结果表明当水力停留时间为40d,有机负荷为3g/(L·d)时,添加微量元素溶液的处理组和未添加微量元素溶液的对照组的平均甲烷日产量分别为7.1、6.7L/d,两者的甲烷体积分数分别为62.7%和61.6%;当有机负荷为4g/(L·d)时,对照组甲烷体积分数下降为19.5%,而处理组稳定在60%左右,且对照组的pH值由7.35下降为5.24,厌氧发酵失败,而处理组的pH值保持在7.2左右,厌氧发酵仍能稳定运行。实验结果表明,微量元素能够在一定程度上提高餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的产甲烷效率和稳定性。     

苎麻厌氧脱胶菌研究──1．脱胶菌的筛选和产酶条件试验

从沤麻塘泥、麻地和菜园土采集的土样中，用亨氏厌氧技术分离到Ａ３—２，Ｃ９—２，Ｆ１—３，Ｐ１５—１及Ｍ４—２五株苎麻厌氧脱胶菌，它们的果胶酶活分别为１９８９Ｕ，１５４７Ｕ，１４７９Ｕ，２６６８Ｕ，２２６０Ｕ，它们的木聚糖酶活分别为２９８Ｕ，６１８Ｕ，２１０Ｕ，１８０Ｕ，１３１８Ｕ。实验室小样脱胶后的总残胶为９．３—１３％。