黄土高原2种典型灌木地土壤水分有效性及其影响因素

为确定土壤质地对旱生植物长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata Pall)和沙柳(Salix psammophila)幼苗不同生理指标水分有效性的影响,采用盆栽控水试验,研究了黄土高原2种典型质地土壤(砂土和壤土)下长柄扁桃和沙柳幼苗不同生理指标随相对土壤含水率(土壤含水率占田间持水率的比值)的动态变化。结果表明:2种质地土壤下长柄扁桃和沙柳幼苗各生理指标相对值在相对含水率降低至土壤水分阈值之前保持相对稳定,低于此阈值时随相对含水率的降低而迅速下降,且均可用非线性连续函数来拟合(R~2=0.8905～0.9864)。2种植物土壤水分有效性因选取指标的不同而略有差异,当以瞬时气体交换指标(相对净光合速率R_(Pn)和相对气孔导度R_(Gs))为评价指标时,砂土水分有效性高于壤土;当以相对水分利用效率R_(WUE)为评价指标时,壤土水分有效性高于砂土。瞬时气体交换指标(R_(Pn)和R_(Gs))的水分阈值高于日变化指标(相对日蒸腾速率R_(Td)),表明土壤质地和时间尺度均会影响植物生理指标对土壤水分有效性的响应。因此,在黄土高原进行植被恢复与生态建设时应考虑土壤质地对植物水分有效性的影响。     

水分胁迫对长柄扁桃叶片含水量及保护酶活性的影响

利用PEG-6000根际模拟土壤水分胁迫的方法,对长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)幼苗进行了不同程度的水分胁迫处理,研究在不同水分胁迫下长柄扁桃叶片相对含水量及膜脂过氧化作用的变化。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长和胁迫强度的加大,叶片相对含水量持续下降,MDA和质膜透性逐渐增大,但在胁迫的前期,下降和上升幅度相对较小。POD活性在不同程度水分胁迫下表现出先降后升的趋势,CAT活性表现出先升后降的趋势,在轻、中度胁迫下SOD活性先升而后降低,在重度胁迫下呈现出降、升、降的变化。三种酶活性在胁迫结束时除重度胁迫处理略低于对照外,其余各处理均高于对照,表明长柄扁桃对干旱有较强的适应能力。     

5种植物光响应曲线最适拟合模型筛选

使用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统中的“Timed Lamp”自动程序测量了5种植物的光响应曲线,并应用不同的光响应模型,以验证该方法测量光响应曲线的可信性,并筛选最适模型以更好的拟合光响应曲线。结果表明：使用“Timed Lamp”自动程序测得的几种植物的光响应曲线数据稳定性均较好,在以后的相关研究中,可以沿用该方法;碧桃、豇豆、向日葵、玉米的光响应曲线最适模型为非直角双曲线模型,银杏光响应曲线的最适模型为直角双曲线模型。     

丹东河口艳红桃可降解纸袋套袋对果实品质的影响

通过对比试验研究了丹东河口艳红桃可降解纸袋套袋对果实品质的影响,结果表明:艳红桃采用可降解纸袋套袋,能有效防治虫害和桃锈病对果实的危害并能防治裂果病。在果实快速生长期进行套袋和在着色期脱袋增加了果实色泽,提高了其商品性能。     

桃花芽越冬过程中多糖积累和质壁分离动态与品种抗寒性的关系

应用细胞化学方法对花芽抗寒性不同的两个桃品种在越冬过程中多糖积累和质壁分离动态与抗寒性的关系进行了观察研究。结果表明,花芽抗寒性弱的品种五月鲜多糖积累早(9月下旬),水解晚(1月中旬),水解不彻底;抗寒性强的品种大久保多糖积累晚(11月中旬),开始水解早(12月下旬),严冬时水解彻底。大久保的花芽细胞质壁分离开始早(10月下旬),恢复晚(3月中旬),仲冬时原生质体孤立程度强烈,维持了比较稳定的抗寒力;五月鲜花芽细胞质壁分离开始晚(11月下旬),恢复早(2月中旬),易受变温的危害,因此抗寒性下降。     

桃缩叶病组织的光学和电子显微镜观察

光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察发现,感染桃缩叶病的碧桃叶片的厚度,细胞的层数和细胞的直径都大于健康叶片;感病叶片的栅栏组织随症状发展而消失;叶肉细胞内的叶绿体数明显减少,并且有的细胞内则无叶绿体,表现症状的叶肉均有菌丝的分布。以上结果表明桃缩叶病引起的畸形主要是由于叶肉细胞不规律增殖造成,叶绿体的减少消失是病叶失绿的直接原因,这些病变都与菌丝的扩展密切相关。     

Evaluation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic kaolin particle films for peach crop, arthropod and disease management

Hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic kaolin particle film treatments to peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch) trees were evaluated for crop and pest management capabilities in six studies from 1997 to 2000. Unsprayed control and standard treatments, the latter consisting of a commercial pesticide program, were included for comparison. Treatments in initial studies were applied via handgun, which resulted in a uniform and heavy deposit of kaolin after the first application. In contrast, treatments in subsequent studies used airblast equipment, which provided a uniform but less dense coverage, even after multiple applications. Results showed that both formulations of kaolin provided control of oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta (Busck)), plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)) and Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) that was comparable with or better than the standard pesticide program. Effective management of late season catfacing insects (tarnished plant bugs Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) and stinkbugs Acrosternum hilare (Say), Euschistus servus (Say), and E tristigmus (Say)) and leafrollers (undetermined species) was also observed, although kaolin applications significantly increased phytophagous mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) levels. In contrast to arthropod management, kaolin failed to control either peach scab (Cladosporium carpophilum (Von Thumen)) or rusty spot (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell and Ev) ES Salmon) in any of the 4 years of the study. However, hydrophobic kaolin provided effective brown rot (Monilinia fructicola (G Winter) Honey) control when applied via handgun, and partial control when applied via airblast; hydrophilic kaolin failed to provide any control. These results suggest that hydrophobicity and deposit density may be important factors for effective disease management. The application of kaolin significantly delayed fruit maturation, increased fruit size and increased soluble solids relative to the standard. This effect, attributed to a reduction in plant stress, also resulted in increased fruit number and yield on young trees, indicating that an accentuated beneficial response from kaolin applications may be possible.     

NaCl、蔗糖和KH_2PO_4对红叶桃离体叶片花色苷合成基因表达的影响

为探明外源化学物质对红叶桃叶片着色的影响及其机制,以‘筑波5号’离体叶片为试材,研究不同浓度NaCl、蔗糖及KH_2PO_4处理对叶片中花色苷生物合成途经相关基因表达水平的影响。结果显示:低浓度NaCl(100和200 mmol′L~(-1))短时间(4 h)处理能提高花色苷合成结构基因CHI、UFGT和转录因子基因MYB10、bHLH33的表达水平;0.3%蔗糖处理8 h对UFGT、MYB10和bHLH33的表达促进作用显著;0.2%KH_2PO_4处理8 h对CHI、UFGT、MYB10、bHLH33和WD40的表达也具有显著的促进作用,而且CHI的表达在一定范围内随蔗糖及KH_2PO_4浓度增大和处理时间延长,效果更明显。除了0.2%KH_2PO_4处理8 h提高了WD40的转录外,NaCl、蔗糖及KH_2PO_4对MYB15和WD40的表达均具有显著抑制作用。     

Phenology and Yield Efficiency of Early,Mid-, and Late-Maturing Cultivars of Peach in Irrigated Orchards under Mediterranean Climate

Productivity of peach cultivars with different ripening seasons was studied under the growers’ conventional conditions of Tunisia. Experiments were performed in northern Tunisia (36° 41? N, 10° 15? E). Performances of Flordastar, Royal Glory, and Carnival as respectively early, mid-season, and late ripening cultivars were evaluated under the grower’s conventional irrigation programs. Fruit growth, yield, water supply, and water productivity were determined through four years. For the three cultivars, Flordastar, Royal Glory, and Carnival, fruit maturity was achieved at 650, 1100, and 2200 GDD, respectively. Average yields were 17.4, 29.8, and 41.1 t ha^–1 and mean values of water productivity were 1.9, 3.1, and 3.6 kg fresh yield m^–3 for early, mid-season, and late cultivars, respectively. Results of agronomic performances evaluation at the farm scale provided a reference on the behavior of early, mid-season, and late cultivars of peach in irrigated orchards in semi-arid conditions.     

Effect and Functional Mechanism of the Action of Exogenous Gibberellin on Flowering of Peach

This study was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellin and its possible mechanism of action on peach flower formation. At flower induction, 100 mg L^-1 of gibberellic acid 3 （GA3） was sprayed on the leaves of peach [Prunus persica （L.） Batsch.] cv. Bayuecui. Using anatomy, immunohistochemistry, and semi-quantitation, the in situ distribution of GAs and the expression of the key genes involved in peach flower formation in the apical meristem were studied during flowering differentiation. The results showed that induction of flowering in the Bayuecui peach occurred prior to 10 July in Beijing, China. Flower induction and further differentiation of the peach flower organs were significantly inhibited by leaf-spraying of GA3 at a concentration of 100 mg L^-1 during the induction stage. The flowering rate was only 11.67% after treatment. The distribution of GA1 in the apical meristem varied during the process of flower bud differentiation. From 13 June to 25 July, the GA1 signal from control plants was detected mainly in the vascular bundles at the base of the flower buds. No GA1 signal was detected in the apical meristem. After treatment with GA3, the distribution was similar to that of the control from 13 June to 3 July. On 13 July, a GA1 signal was detected in the apical meristem accompanied by an increase in the GA1 signal in the vascular bundles at the base of the flower buds. The GA1 signal weakened significantly in both the vascular bundles and the apical meristem on 25 July. The expression of the genes PpLEAFY and MADS6 in flower buds could be detected only on 10 October in the GA3-treated plants. The critical period for flower induction of Bayuecui peach in Beijing was in early July, during which time, leaf-spraying with 100 mg L-1 GA3 could effectively inhibit flower induction and further differentiation of the flower buds. GA1 in the gibberellin family was the suppressor for flower induction in peach. Its action was affected by the stage of flower bud differentiation. Expression of the key gen