美棉在中国的引种与发展

对美棉在中国引种和发展近150年的发展历程进行考察与梳理,美棉自1865年传入中国以后,其发展经历了3个阶段,即晚清时期的引种;民国时期的引进、改良与推广;新中国成立以后,对美棉的引种、选育与推广。可见,引种美棉是中国棉花生产发展的第一步;改良美棉和选育美棉新品种,是提高棉花产量和改善棉花品质的关键;推广美棉是中国棉花生产发展的必然选择。     

实用主义的基本精神与中国传统文化的实用理性

实用主义是第一个在美国土生土长的哲学，最充分地体现了美国人求实、行动、重视效果、开拓进取的民族精神。中国传统文化的实用理性同样具有极端重视现实实用的特点。木文从论述实用主义哲学产生的社会历史条件和理论渊源出发，阐明了实用主义的基木精神，并进而探讨实用主义的基木精神与我国传统文化的实用理性之间的关系。     

Turning back the tide of American mink invasion at an unprecedented scale through community participation and adaptive management

Successful eradications of harmful invasive species have been mostly confined to islands while control programs in mainland areas remain small, uncoordinated and vulnerable to recolonisation. To allow the recovery of threatened native species, innovative management strategies are required to remove invasives from large areas. We took an adaptive approach to achieve large scale eradication of invasive American mink in North East Scotland. The project was centred on the Cairngorms National Park (Scotland), with the primary aim of protecting endangered water vole populations. The project was initiated by scientists and supported and implemented through a partnership comprising a government agency, national park authority and local fisheries boards. Capitalising on the convergent interests of a diverse range of local stakeholders, we created a coordinated coalition of trained volunteers to detect and trap mink. Starting in montane headwaters, we systematically moved down river catchments, deploying mink rafts, an effective detection and trapping platform. Volunteers took increasing responsibility for raft monitoring and mink trapping as the project progressed. Within 3 years, the project removed 376 mink from 10570 km² with the involvement of 186 volunteers. Capture rate within sub-catchments increased with greater connectivity to mink in other sub-catchments and with proximity to the coast where there is more productive habitat. The main factor underpinning the success of this project was functional volunteer participation. The project is a reason for optimism that the tide of invasion can be rolled back on a large scale where the convergent interest of local communities can be harnessed.     

美国黑核桃实生苗、嫁接苗培育技术

美国黑核桃繁育与推广,关键在于优质苗木的培育。研究掌握黑核桃实生苗和嫁接苗的培育技术,能极大地提高苗木质量和生产效率,降低生产成本。实生苗培育方法和方块芽接技术的研究与具体应用,为黑核桃优质苗木的生产及黑核桃在甘肃省的普遍推广创出了一条行之有效的途径。     

季节对美系杜洛克母猪胴体和肉质性能的影响

本试验测定了不同季节对美系杜洛克的胴体和肉质参数的影响。结果提示:季节对美系杜洛克猪的胴体品质无显著影响。在肉质参数中,秋冬季猪肉的红度(6.47±0.73)显著低于春夏季(8.78±0.85),贮存损失(3.26±0.88)也显著低于春夏季(5.63±0.64)。     

Transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from particles to membranes studied by quenching of fluorescence

Hydrophobic chlorinated hydrocarbons are adsorbed onto particles in the environment. Thus, uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons into organisms is likely to be from the particle-adsorbed state. We investigated the transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons from particles to phospholipid membranes, quantified by quenching of the fluorescence of a carbazole-labeled phospholipid which was used to label the membranes. The chlorinated hydrocarbons studied included DDT, DDE, methoxychlor, lindane, stirofos, and several polychlorinated biphenyls. The particles studied were porous glass, kaolinite, cellulose, and silica. Transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons from particles to vesicles was independent of the chlorinated hydrocarbon concentration. The transfer rate did not depend on binding of lipids to particles, and was independent of the lipid composition of the vesicles. Membrane uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons from the particle-adsorbed state was more rapid than uptake from the microcrystalline state, and uptake was faster when the chlorinated hydrocarbons were dispersed over larger particle surface areas. The transfer rates of chlorinated hydrocarbons correlated with their aqueous solubilities. In total, these results indicate that chlorinated hydrocarbons are transferred through the aqueous phase. We judge the rate-limiting step in membrane uptake to be the rate of solubilization of the chlorinated hydrocarbons from the particles into the bulk aqueous phase. Adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons onto particles may enhance the transfer rate by dispersing the chlorinated hydrocarbons and making them more available for solubilization in the bulk aqueous phase. The data are correlated with a model that assumes diffusion across an unstirred aqueous layer which interfaces with the bulk aqueous phase and the particle.     

冷冬对美洲斑潜蝇越冬及发生趋势的影响

研究表明：在冷冬条件下，美洲斑潜蝇仍可安全越冬，但其在春季的发生推迟。冷冬对美洲斑潜蝇夏秋季发生趋势无影响。入梅的早迟，雨量的大小，雨日的多少，作物布局及长势，栽培方法等，是影响其夏秋季发生为害的主要因子，可在测报与防治上加以应用。     

从美国引进的七种灌木的出苗及幼苗期观测

从美国引进伏地肤(Kochia prostrata)、驼绒藜(Ceratoides Ianata)、四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens)、三齿冰藜(Atriplex tridentata)、内华达麻黄(Ephredra nevadensis)、沙生胶兔木(Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp．turbinatus)、黑油脂木(Sarcobatus vermiculatus),进行育苗试验。结果表明：(1)伏地肤经水浸处理、四翅滨藜和内华达麻黄经层积处理后出苗率等有明显提高;(2)伏地肤系列、四翅滨藜-2和沙生胶兔木在4月下旬即可播种,而驼绒藜系列、四翅滨藜一1和黑油脂木则在5月上旬播种更适合;(3)三齿冰藜和沙生胶兔木在施肥处理的土壤上幼苗长势最好;驼绒藜系列对土壤肥力条件要求不严格;伏地肤系列、四翅滨藜系列和黑油脂木在沙质土壤更能发挥它们的生长优势;(4)伏地肤系列、四翅滨藜系列和黑油脂木地上部分生长量高于小叶锦鸡儿。     

美国白蛾性信息素应用及粗提取试验

通过对美国白蛾成虫羽化和交尾高峰期雌虫性信息素分泌规律的研究,得出一些结论.     

谈美国红鱼海水养殖技术

美国红鱼是一种具有很高的游钓和商业价值,红鱼的肉质鲜美,鱼刺较少,并且含有不饱和脂肪酸,这种鱼类非常受欢迎。笔者主要进行探讨美国红鱼的养殖技术以及在红鱼养殖的过程中应注意的事项。