试析建国前美棉在我国的引种、推广及其历史启示

主要阐述了建国前美棉在我国大量引种、推广所经历的具有各自显著特征的几个阶段,即缺乏科学方法和有效措施的政府机构、民间团体及有识之士倡导下的初步引种、推广阶段;科学试验并对美棉进行驯化的民间团体与学术机构相合作的推广阶段;政府周密组织实施的统一推广阶段.从中得出,农作物新品种的引种推广的成功,科技力量的支持与政府系统地组织和安排是关键.     

球囊线蚓的发育起点温度和有效积温(环带纲:近孔目:线蚓科)

旨在探索严重危害西洋参幼苗的新害虫球囊线蚓Enchytraeus bulbosus(Clitellata:Plesiopora:Enchytraeidae)的生理学时间。在11.9、15.0、18.0、21.0、24.2、27.1、30.3、33.0℃恒温条件下培养球囊线蚓,测量卵期、幼蚓期、产卵前期及全代期的平均长度(N),纳入方差分析;再将N转换为倒数(V,V=1/N),以培养温度T对V做直线相关回归分析,由最小二乘法直接计算发育起点温度(C)和有效积温(K),建立发育历期对温度的倒数模型N=K/(T-C)。结果显示:卵期,r=0.996***,N=95.9/(T-6.1);幼蚓期,r=0.982***,N=96.2/(T-6.0);全代期,r=0.990***,N=238.4/(T-5.4)。C值和K值反映其生理生态学参数,并能在制定其综合治理方案时发挥积极作用。     

秦巴山区西洋参病害种类调查

为明确秦巴山区西洋参病害的种类和发生特点,提高对西洋参病害防控的针对性及预见性,我们采用田间调查和实验室鉴定等方法,对留坝县、勉县和太白县等西洋参主要种植区病害发生情况进行了研究。结果表明,秦巴山区危害西洋参的主要病害共20种,其中侵染性病害有14种,非侵染性病害6种。西洋参灰霉病、锈腐病、黑斑病、根腐病和菌核病为当地主要病害,发生较为普遍,为害严重。     

Circulatory catecholamines in the eel: origins and functions

While the three catecholamines (CAs) dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), are wide-spread in tissues of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), the bulk of these CAs in the systemic blood originates from chromaffin cells in the wall of the posterior cardinal veins. In addition, the brain and unidentified structures in the opisthonephric kidney also release appreciable quantities of CAs. The functional realms attributed to systematically circulating CAs in teleosts comprise cardiovascular, respiratory, osmoregulatory, metabolic and endocrinotropic actions. In the eel, cardiovascular and respiratory effects are well established. However, we were unable to prove a physiological role of the CAs in osmoregulation. On the other hand, the eel is the only species among five vertebrates of greatly varying phylogenetic position (the others: hagfish, lamprey, rat, human) in which physiological doses of E were hyperglycemic. As in lamprey and rat, DA and NE are released in the eel by physiological doses of E. In addition, DA and NE also release the respective other two CAs. The physiological significance of the catecholaminotropic (CA-tropic) interactions remains to be established; however, the CA-tropic effect of E does not require the presence of the brain or ‘preganglionic’ nerve cells. In the eel, mild stress causes an immediate ‘unorthodox’ drop of plasma CAs, while stronger stress is followed by the expected increase of plasma CAs.     

The role of glycogen phosphorylase in the regulation of glycogenolysis by insulin and glucagon in isolated eel (Anguilla rostrata) hepatocytes

The effects of porcine, scombroid, and salmon insulins, and bovine and anglerfish glucagons on glycogen depletion and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activities were examined in freshly isolated American eel (Anguilla rostrata) hepatocytes. Eel liver GPase in crude homogenates was activated (increase in % GPase a) by phosphorylating conditions and was rapidly inactivated (less than 1 h) when a phosphatase inhibitor (fluoride) was absent. Caffeine inhibits, and AMP activates, the b form of GPase consistent with their effects on rat liver GPase. Both mammalian and fish glucagons increased glucose production in eel hepatocytes, but had more ambiguous effects on glycogen levels and GPase activities. The magnitude of bovine glucagon effects were dependent on the initial glycogen content of the cells; only at glycogen concentrations less than approximately 70 μmoles.g⁻¹ did glucagon significantly increase % GPase a. Anglerfish glucagon significantly increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations by 90% at 10⁻⁷ M, but had no effects at 10⁻⁹ M and 10⁻⁸ M. Scombroid and salmon insulins maintained hepatocyte glycogen concentrations and decreased glucose production, with these effects more pronounced at low (10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁸ M) rather than high (10⁻⁷ M) hormone concentrations. Porcine and salmon insulins decreased total GPase and % GPase a activities, and salmon insulin decreased CAMP levels, but only at 10⁻⁸ M (by 44%). Glycogen is, therefore, depleted by glucagon and maintained by insulin in freshly isolated American eel hepatocytes, and these changes are accomplished, at least in part, by changes in the activities of GPase. Changes in cAMP do not explain all of the observed hormone effects.     

Hatchery performance of early benthic juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus) fed enriched frozen adult Artemia diets

One of the main factors hindering aquaculture production of American lobsters (Homarus americanus) is the need for a cost‐effective and nutritionally sound diet. Live Artemia results in good growth, but is expensive and is a constant source of contamination. Frozen Artemia, although lower in cost, generally results in decreased survivorship and growth relative to live Artemia. The recent advent and mass production of enriched frozen Artemia products may provide for a cost‐effective and nutritionally complete food source for culturing American lobsters. Here, commercially available frozen adult Artemia enriched with either n‐3 fatty acids, or Spirulina was fed to juvenile American lobsters, and their growth and survivorship for three months was compared with that of animals fed unenriched frozen adult Artemia. Both enriched Artemia products produced survivorship superior to that for animals fed unenriched Artemia. Results for growth were equivocal although animals fed the Spirulina‐enriched Artemia had the greatest condition factor. Although more costly by the end of the experiment, enriched diets were more economically efficient than unenriched Artemia. This research demonstrates that enriched feedstuffs are cost‐effective over longer time intervals, and benefits may continue beyond the hatchery‐rearing phase. Enriched diets may also yield animals with a better condition factor, which may further influence their survivorship when released to the wild in enhancement programmes.     

美国虹鳟鱼同工酶分析

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法结合酶的特异性染色方法对美国虹鳟5种组织(眼睛、心脏、肾脏、肝脏和肌肉)的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、α-淀粉酶(α-AMY)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)7种同工酶进行了初步研究,并对7种酶的同工酶位点及酶谱表型进行了分析。结果表明:美国虹鳟LDH、EST、G-6-PDH、POD、GDH和MDH存在不同程度的组织特异性,而α-AMY则无明显组织差异。EST由8个基因位点编码;LDH酶带多于典型的5条酶带;MDH具有线粒体型(m-MDH)和上清液型(s-MDH)两种类型;共记录了24个基因座位,其中5个为多态座位,多态座位比例为20.83%,有效等位基因数为1.4167,表明美国虹鳟的遗传多样性居较高水平。     

Is there a role of ocean environment in American and European eel decline?

American eel (Anguilla rostrata) recruitment has declined dramatically, in parallel with that of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Since both species spawn in the Sargasso Sea and migrate as larvae to continental waters, the coincidence in recruitment failure implies an Atlantic-wide cause, due perhaps to ocean climate. There is indirect evidence that the Gulf Stream has weakened in the 1980s. A slower Gulf Stream could interfere with larval transport and generate observed patterns of declining abundance of American eel only in northern North America and relatively uniform declines of European eel throughout Europe. While specific causes are still unclear, these data indicate a threat to both species and to their commercial fisheries.     

Corvid response to human settlements and campgrounds: Causes, consequences, and challenges for conservation

Human development often favors species adapted to human conditions with subsequent negative effects on sensitive species. This is occurring throughout the urbanizing world as increases by generalist omnivores, like some crows and ravens (corvids) threaten other birds with increased rates of nest predation. The process of corvid responses and their actual effects on other species is only vaguely understood, so we quantified the population response of radio-tagged American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), common ravens (Corvus corax), and Steller’s jays (Cyanocitta stelleri) to human settlements and campgrounds and examined their influence as nest predators on simulated marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) nests on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula from 1995 to 2000. The behavior and demography of crows, ravens, and jays was correlated to varying degrees with proximity to human development. Crows and ravens had smaller home ranges and higher reproduction near human settlements and recreation. Annual survival of crows was positively associated with proximity to human development. Home range and reproduction of Steller’s jays was independent of proximity to human settlements and campgrounds. Local density of crows increased because home ranges of neighboring breeding pairs overlapped extensively (6× more than ravens and 3× more than Steller’s jays) and breeders far from anthropogenic foods traveled 10s of kilometers to access them. Corvids accounted for 32.5% of the predation events (n = 837) we documented on artificial murrelet nests. Small corvids (jays) were common nest predators across our study area but their contribution as predators did not vary with proximity to settlements and campgrounds. In contrast, large corvids (crows and ravens) were rare nest predators across our study area but their contribution varied greatly with proximity to settlements and campgrounds. Managers seeking to reduce the risk of nest predation need to consider the varied impacts and variable behavioral and population responses of potential nest predators. In our situation, removing large corvids may do little to reduce overall rates of nest predation because of the diverse predator assemblage, but reducing anthropogenic food in the landscape may be effective.