徐州煤田土地复垦对农田养分分布的影响

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of the reclamation procedure with respect to soil fertility and nutrient distribution pattern in the reprecipitated reclaimed soil. Although there was an obvious indication of low levels of essential nutrients in the reclaimed farm lands (organic matter = 0.32 g kg^-1, total N = 380.8 m g kg^-1, available P = 4.7 m g kg^-1 ), compared to the undisturbed farm lands (organic matter = 2.5 g kg^-1, total N= 1 220 g kg^-1, available P = 20.8 mg kg^-1), the uneven pattern of nutrient distribution was also shown to have been the major limitation to successful reclamation. Further improvement can be achieved through the integration of intensive eco-farming systems using proper fertilizer field correction (PF-FC) and organic manure for successful reestablishment and management of newly reclaimed farm lands overlying the Xuzhou coal mine subsidence.     

汤泉矿区综合治理措施与效益研究

根据汤泉矿区水土流失特点和对下游造成的危害,采取综合治理措施,投资1.23×106元,规划实施拦土坝、防洪沟、尾矿库、矿山排水系统以及矿山植被恢复工程.通过治理,不仅有效地控制了矿山水土流失,而且矿山采场、汤泉河等生态环境逐步得到恢复和改善,同时也促进了全县矿山水土流失综合治理.     

矿山恢复治理区植被物候与健康状况遥感监测

矿山恢复治理区植被物候与植被健康状况可以定量评价恢复治理工程实施效果,以往矿山恢复治理遥感监测多侧重于监测植被覆盖变化,忽略了对恢复治理区域植被物候特征和健康状况的评估.该研究使用时间序列哨兵2号影像,基于Savitzky-Golay滤波、动态阈值、曲率曲线等方法,以黑龙江省七台河市一玄武岩采石场及周边区域为例,分别提...     

营造乡土人工林对印度Singrauli煤矿废弃地土壤养分的影响(英文)

选择4种人工林,包括3个乡土树种(阔叶合欢(Albizia lebbeck)、黄豆树(A.procera)、柚木(Tectona grandis))和一个乡土草种(印度实竹(Dendrocalamus strictus))的高密度人工幼林,研究了人工林发育早期阶段对印度Singrauli煤矿废弃地土壤养分的影响。在4种人工林4年生和5年生阶段,采集0-10、10-20cm层土壤,分析其总有机碳、全氮和全磷含量。结果表明,林龄、树种和土层对土壤总有机碳、全氮和全磷含量的影响存在显著差异;各林分10-20cm土层中的全总有机碳、全氮和全磷含量较低;4个不同林分对土壤养分的改良效果表现为:阔叶合欢>印度实竹>黄豆树>柚木。说明人工林对煤矿废弃地土壤的改良效果因树种而异。     

定南县岿美山钨矿尾砂库区天然生长植物及其富集Cd特性研究

对定南县岿关山钨矿尾砂库区天然生长植物及其富集重金属Cd的特性进行了研究,结果表明岿关山钨矿尾砂库区共出现37种天然生长植物,隶属2I科37属,其中大部分为草本植物,主要为菊科与禾本科。在这些植物中没有发现镉的超富集植物,但有15种植物富集Cd的含量大于10mg／kg,其中藿香蓟地上部分Cd的含量最高,达到67．70mg/kg,其富集系数与转移系数大于1,分别为2．35与2．66,接近Cd的超富集植物标准;小飞蓬、田麻、野茼蒿、藿香蓟、鬼针草等5种植物地上部分Cd含量大于地下部分,其转移系数与富集系数也均大于1,是修复Cd污染的优良植物,具有作为矿区土壤Cd污染修复物种的巨大潜力.     

多沙粗沙区露天煤矿水土保持生态效应的监测评价

[目的]通过开展露天煤矿水土保持生态效应监测评价,判定水土保持措施防护效果及其可行性。[方法]以陕西省神榆矿区西湾露天煤矿为例,以实际监测数据为支撑,从调水效益、保土效益和植被恢复3个方面建立了评价指标体系。采用德尔菲法确定了指标权重,利用线性加权求和法建立综合评价模型,最终计算得出该项目不同建设时期水土保持生态效应值。[结果]生态效应值为运行期(0.683)试运行期(0.344)施工前期(0.213);工程实施以来,治理总面积349.72 hm~2,治理前后,水土流失面积由426.71 hm~2下降到376.63 hm~2,植被覆盖度由20.20%上升到27.18%,拦蓄径流量增加了7 530 m~3,保土量增加了6.90×10~4 t。[结论]陕西省神榆矿区西湾露天煤矿通过实施水土保持方案设计的水土保持工程、植物等措施防护体系,取得了良好的治理效果和生态效应。     

自然植物群落对铜尾矿废弃地土壤酶活性的影响

在铜陵铜矿区堆存着大量的不同时期弃置的尾矿废弃物,形成大面积铜尾矿废弃地。为了解自然植物群落对铜尾矿废弃地酶活性的影响,对铜陵铜矿区6处不同时期弃置的铜尾矿废弃地进行了调查。结果表明,自然定居在尾矿废弃地上的植物群落类型能够显著影响表层尾矿中(0~5 cm)的脲酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶的活性。位于木贼-中华结缕草群落和白茅群落下尾矿中的几种土壤酶的活性高于位于狗牙根群落和中华结缕草群落下的尾矿中酶的活性。在所测定的4种土壤酶中,碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶的活性高于脲酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性。相关分析表明,4种土壤酶的活性与表层尾矿中的腐殖质、总氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及电导率表现出显著正相关,而芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶与pH之间存在着显著负相关。强烈氧化的表层尾矿不仅具有极端贫瘠的养分条件,同时也具有极低的土壤酶活性。     

江西省矿山水土流失及其防治对策

本文论述了江西省矿山水土流失的现状、危害及防治对策。指出:各级领导和主管部门,必须进一步建立健全矿山开采的管理制度和法规,严格按照《水土保持工作条例》办事,强化水土保持监督手段,防治矿山水土流失。     

铅锌尾矿渣改良下木本耐性植物的根际环境研究

近年来，木本植物因生物量大、根系发达等特点，被广泛应用于重金属尾矿修复。其中，夹竹桃、栾树、泡桐等品种在铅锌胁迫下，表现出较好的抗性和富集效果。但其对矿渣根际环境的具体影响尚有待明确。本研究取湖南省郴州市某铅锌矿区的矿渣为实验基质，以100%矿渣（CK组）和90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%碳酸钙（S0组）为对照组；S0组基础上分别种植夹竹桃、栾树、泡桐（S1组）为实验组。通过比较基质的理化性质、有效态Pb和Zn、挥发性有机物、微生物群落结构等指标差异，探究木本耐性植物在铅锌胁迫下的根际环境响应机制。研究结果表明：改良条件下，三种植物能通过基质pH、有机质含量、阳离子交换量、速效氮和有效磷等指标，调节矿渣基质酸碱平衡，从而提高基质持水保肥力。有效态Pb、Zn含量分别下降了16.29%～36.50%和24.50%～47.33%。此外，酯类和酚类等有机化合物种类丰度增加。变形菌门的相对丰度减少，拟杆菌门、放线菌门、慢生根瘤菌属相对丰度增加。综上，改良条件下种植木本植物，改变了基质的理化性质、有机物丰度种类、微生物群落结构，显著降低了矿渣Pb和Zn的生物有效性。     

Using rainfall simulation to guide planning and management of rehabilitated areas: Part II. Computer simulations using parameters from rainfall simulation

This paper reports computer simulations carried out using data from a rainfall simulator study on a steeply sloping revegetated area (a soundbund) at the NorthParkes Mine, near Parkes in New South Wales, Australia. Simulations of slope stability used a combination of daily time‐step models to consider soil water balances and runoff, growth of grass/legume pasture and soil erosion. Simulations indicated that long‐term erosion rates on the soundbund would be low (1·01–1·27 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) due to low runoff rates and good vegetative cover. The simulations highlighted that peak vegetative growth occurred prior to the period of peak erosion hazard, with carry‐over dry matter being crucial for erosion control during the period of peak rainfall erosivity. This, in turn, indicated that grazing during the periods of peak growth and peak erosion hazard should be avoided (to avoid loss of dry matter). It also indicated that there was value in establishing grass species that would give greater growth during summer months, and that may produce dry matter that is more persistent through time. Simulations of stormwater flows in channels draining various lifts on the soundbund compared a range of alternatives with respect to channel length, gradient and roughness. The simulations indicated little effect of channel length on peak flow rates or depths once channel lengths exceeded 250 m and also showed little effect of vegetative roughness on peak flow rates or depths once Manning's n values exceeded 0·05. Implications of these results for design of drainage channels and drop structures on the soundbund are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.