Transformation among precipitation,surface water,groundwater, and mine water in the Hailiutu River Basin under mining activity

Coal mining has changed the hydrogeological conditions of river basins, and studying how the relationship among different types of water body has changed under the influence of coal mining is of great significance for understanding the regional hydrological cycle. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrochemical properties and environmental isotopes in the Hailiutu River Basin (HRB), China with a mixed model. The results showed that: (1) human activity (e.g., coal mining and agricultural production) causes considerable changes in the hydrochemical properties of surface water in and around the mining areas, and leads to significant increases in the concentrations of Na⁺ and SO2- 4; (2) precipitation is the main source of water vapour in the HRB. The transformation between surface water and groundwater in the natural watershed is mainly affected by precipitation; and (3) in the mining areas, the average contribution rates of precipitation to the recharge of surface water and groundwater increased by 2.6%-7.9% and 2.7%-9.9%, respectively. Groundwater in the Salawusu Formation constitutes up to 61.3%-72.4% of mine water. Overall, this study is beneficial for quantifying the effects of coal mining on local hydrological cycles. The research results can provide a reference for local water resources management and ecological environment improvement.     

Safety Coal Mining Technology under Overlying Water -bearing Quicksand Stratum

含水流砂层下煤炭资源的开采是个工程难题,方法不当就可能引发淹井事故。对白音查干煤矿矿井水文地质特征进行了分析,认为对矿井开采构成威胁的水体为第四系流砂含水层。根据井田的水文地质特征和矿井涌水量预计,建议采取地面和井下联合疏放水措施,以保证煤炭的安全开采。     

黄土区大型露天煤矿企业土地复垦质量控制研究

根据《中华人民共和国土地管理法》《土地复垦条例》《土地复垦质量控制标准》的要求,采用遥感影像解译、实地监测与室内分析相结合的方法,以及中国地质大学(北京)土地复垦团队1986—2016年在平朔矿区长期试验示范、跟踪监测评价的成果,旨在建立符合地域特色、具有可操作性的煤矿企业土地复垦质量控制标准。分析矿区1986、1996、2000、2004、2009、2013年的土地利用变化,以及18个典型耕地、林地、草地土壤剖面的土壤环境质量和土壤肥力指标。结果表明,地貌重塑是复垦土地质量的基础,土壤重构是复垦土地质量的核心,植被重建是复垦土地质量的保障。土地复垦质量控制的基本要求是:地貌稳定系数≥1.3,土壤侵蚀模数≤1000 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),控制在黄土区允许的土壤侵蚀量范围内,耕地面积比例占60%左右、林草用地面积占30%左右,海拔高程不超过1500 m;土壤污染物含量达到《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》(p H7.5),耕地和林草地的有效土层厚度不小于120 cm和60 cm,容重1.2~1.4 g·cm~(-3),pH值7.0~8.5,有机质含量不低于10.0 g·kg~(-1);选择先锋植物与适生植物,进行草、灌、乔不同复垦模式的合理配置,形成有效控制地表径流的乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层。     

安家岭露天煤矿土地利用结构预测

采用实地调绘、航片判读、统计分析、历史类比与趋势外推相结合的方法 ,对平朔安家岭露天煤矿 1 998～ 2 0 1 9年剧烈扰动的 1 65 2 0h 的土地利用结构进行了预测性研究。结果表明 ,2 2年间 ,共剥离岩土 1 60 980 0万 ,挖损土地 1 2 0 0 0h ,压占土地 45 2 0h ,其中 ,耕地和林牧用地分别消失 874 3h 和 79 0h 。规划后的土地利用结构有了明显的改善 ,其中 ,耕地由原来的 5 5 0 %提高到 67 0 % ;林牧用地由原来的 4 5 %提高到 30 0 % ,基本消除了荒地和其它未利用地。同时 ,耕地总量动态平衡结果表明 ,以 6年为耕地恢复期 ,大约在采矿 2 6年后 ,耕地总量可达到平衡 ;若以 1 0年为耕地恢复期 ,大约在采矿 34年后 ,耕地总量可达到平衡。     

Development of pollution-neutralizing properties in very young mine soils

Various properties capable of neutralizing environmental pollution (aggregate stability, buffer capacity and ion adsorption capacity) were determined in spoil from a lignite mine in Galicia (northwest Spain) and in mine soils of four and seven years age developed from this spoil. Buffer capacity and the adsorption of copper, cadmium and phosphate increased markedly with soil age, whereas the dispersion ratios of both macro- and micro-aggregates decreased sharply. These changes are attributed to the known increase in organic matter and extractable iron and aluminium. These components aid interparticle binding and create both exchange sites and specific adsorption sites. The ultimate causes are thought to be the successful establishment of an active field plant cover, the considerable colloid content of the parent material, the management of the mine soils and the climatic conditions of the area, which favour both the accumulation of soil organic matter and the weathering of the parent material.     

Modifications of the phosphorus cycle with development of lignite mine soils

Various aspects of the P cycle in four and seven year old soils from the Meirama lignite mine (northwest Spain) were studied. With increasing soil age, The organic P (P_o) content increased in parallel with the organic matter content. the observed increase in secondary inorganic P (Bic—P_i + NaOH-P_i + us-NaOH P_i) is related to the increase in the retention capacity for P with soil age. the observed increase in the HCl-P fraction can be attributed to a gradual dissolution of the non-extractable forms of P produced from fertilizers added in the course of spoil management. Both the C:P_o ratio and phosphatase activity also increased with soil age, suggesting that biochemical mineralization processes are taking place and indicating a need for the hydrolysis of phosphate esters to ensure an adequate phosphorus supply to plants. All these findings suggest that in the long term plants May, suffer a pronounced P deficiency.     

煤矿复垦区不同修复年限林下草本群落特征及其与土壤耦合关系

为了解鄂尔多斯聚鑫龙煤矿不同修复年限林下草本植物群落特征及其与土壤因子的耦合关系,以修复年限为3~7年的林下草本植物群落与土壤因子为研究对象,并以人工草地和撂荒地作为对照,调查不同样地草本群落物种组成及其土壤理化性质,并利用灰色关联耦合模型法对草本植物群落与土壤因子的关系进行研究,探明二者的响应机制。结果表明：1）研究区共调查草本植物种类55种,其中主要以禾本科、菊科和豆科为主,三者共占比为60%。2）随着修复年限增加,林下草本植物种数呈现先减少后增加的趋势,且逐渐接近于人工草地的植物种数;草本群落的Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,而Pielou指数和Simpson指数变化不明显。3）研究区草本植物群落多样性与土壤粉粒、砂粒、pH和土壤容重关系较为密切。4）研究区草本植物的多样性与土壤的耦合协调程度随修复年限增加呈现“升高-降低-升高”的变化趋势,其中修复7年样地的草本植物与土壤耦合度最高（0.72）,为中度协调。研究表明研究区林下草本植物多样性与土壤系统的协调程度表现出良性发展的趋势,但还未达到最佳的协调程度。     

铅锌尾矿区优势草本植物体内铅及氮、磷、钾含量变化特征

通过对铅锌尾矿区9种优势草本植物不同生长时期铅及氮、磷、钾含量分布特征及其相关性研究,结果表明,1)植物地上部氮、磷、钾含量均高于地下部,并随着生长时期的延长呈下降趋势; 2)在3个生长时期,9种优势草本植物均未表现出超富集铅的能力,但华中蹄盖蕨地下部能够囤积大量铅,最高含量和累积量分别达到15 542.1 mg/kg和41.81 mg/株; 3)除生长后期植物地上部氮、钾含量与铅含量存在显著的正相关关系(0.750^*和0.773^*)外,植物氮、磷、钾含量与铅含量在3个生长时期均未表现出显著的相关关系; 4)在植物生长前期,其地上部铅含量与地下部铅含量以及与生长旺盛期和生长后期的地上部或地下部铅含量均不存在显著的相关关系,而在生长旺盛期和生长后期,同一时期地上部和地下部铅含量之间以及不同时期地上部与地下部铅含量之间均存在显著或极显著的相关关系。     

我国矿产资源开发对生态环境的影响与防治对策

目的了解会泽铅锌矿区农田土壤镉、铅和养分分布特征,探究镉、铅含量与形态和养分之间的相关性。 方法采集0~60 cm的农田土壤,测定土壤中镉、铅与养分含量,利用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗多因子综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险评价法,评价土壤中镉、铅污染程度。 结果(1) 0~20 cm农田土壤镉、铅污染严重。土壤镉污染达到重度污染水平(P_i、P_N>3),毗邻矿山和远离矿山土壤铅污染分别处于重度污染(P_i、P_N>3)和安全范围(P_N<0.7)。矿区土壤镉、铅污染分别为高生态风险(E_i>110)和安全生态风险(E_i<55)。(2)镉、铅主要以残渣态存在于土壤中,占比为52.54%和50.26%。矿区土壤潜在生物可利用态铅和毗邻矿山土壤潜在生物可利用态镉的质量分数较高(>44%)。(3)矿区农田土壤养分水平较低,远离矿山采样点土壤养分含量平均高于毗邻矿山采样点。全量和可交换态镉、铅含量与全磷、速效磷含量呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)负相关。 结论矿区农田土壤镉的污染程度和生态风险均高于铅,磷与镉、铅之间相关性显著。     

安太堡露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的主要限制因子及对策

论述了安太堡露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的主要限制因子为水分、温度、土体构造不良、容重大、土壤养分贫乏、矸石自燃等不利因素,并在分析改善各种不利因素可能性的基础上,提出了有效恢复植被的对策:（1）加强工程措施,防治水土流失;（2）引入先锋植物;（3）引入乡土植被;（4）加强植被管理,合理间伐;（5）增加施肥,加快土壤熟化。