海南昌化铅锌矿废弃地重金属污染评价及其空间分布特征

通过对海南昌化铅锌矿废弃地采集的56份土壤样品进行分析,并对其重金属含量进行测定,采用内梅罗污染指数法与潜在生态风险指数法进行污染评价,运用克里金插值法进行空间分布分析。结果表明,废弃地重金属镉(Cd)污染程度最高,铅(Pb)与锌(Zn)次之,均超过国家三级标准值;从内梅罗综合指数来看,废弃地土壤重金属污染达到重度污染级别;从生态风险角度分析,废弃地重金属潜在生态风险达到重度风险级别;从克里金插值结果来看,废弃地表层土壤污染最小的地方均在废弃地东北部地区以及西南部河流尾段处,而污染最严重的地方集中在尾矿库东部、服务区、居民点、河流中段以及河流转弯处。     

Characterization of the Soil Organic Matter in Agricultural Mine Spoils and Reclaimed Soils Treated with Organic Amendments

Recycling organic waste in agricultural soils is a valid solution. We performed short‐term experiments to investigate the fate of urban sludge and composts, in mine spoils, cultivated or uncultivated, and reclaimed soils located in Florence and Milan, Italy. The samples, either treated or untreated, were fractionated by density into light (<1.63 Mg m^?3) and heavy (>1.63 Mg m^?3) fractions. The fractions were analyzed for total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and for δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁵N isotopes, and they were characterized by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Treatment increased the heavy fraction. The addition of sludge in the Florence area acts in synergy with the cultivation, increasing the light fraction (LF). In the Milan area, the LF tends to be decomposed and apparently transformed into HF. The addition of amendments or cultivation enhances the decomposition with release of carbon dioxide. For future research, we suggest lengthening the time of the experiments to integrate climatic variations.     

Improving Soil Fertility to Support Grass–Legume Revegetation on Lignite Mine Spoils

The short-term sequential effects of different treatments on soil fertility and revegetation of mine spoils were examined in a lignite mine in northwestern Spain. Experimental plots were established both on old and recent spoils after tillage and treated with compost or nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), + magnesium limestone before seeding with a grass–legume species mixture. Compost improved plant production and, contrary to NPK, maintained soil N levels and supplied enough P for the establishment and early growth of the vegetation. Severe magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and K limitations in recent spoils were only alleviated by compost + magnesium limestone, allowing the rapid growth and coating of the soil surface. The amendment based on NPK + magnesium limestone improved plant production in the short term but caused proliferation of weeds. Results suggest that revegetation in combination with the appropriate amendments is a key issue for the reclamation of lignite mine spoils.     

聚丙烯酸盐对重金属污染矿区本地植株生长和土壤性质的影响

采用半野外试验研究了聚丙烯酸盐对自然条件下矿区重金属污染土壤性质和矿区本地植株生长的影响。研究表明,0．4％的聚丙烯酸盐明显促进了4种污染矿区本地植物的生长,总生物量在两轮生长中分别是对照处理的1．8倍和2-3倍。不同植株对不同生长季节反映不同,其中Brizamoxima（B．maxima）在春夏季节生长好于秋冬季节,但生物量不高,无法提供大面积覆盖。而Chaetopogon fasciculatus（efasciculatus）和spergularia purpurea（S．purpurea）因其在秋冬季节生长明显好于春夏季节,尽管在春夏季节由于干旱而大量死亡,仍然可以大面积覆盖土壤,所以可尝试用于矿区土壤的植被固定。聚丙烯酸盐的应用显著改善了土壤脱氢酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖苷酶、蛋白酶、脲酶以及纤维素酶的活性。研究同时发现,不同种类植株的生长与土壤pH及土壤酶活性存在显著的相关关系,其中,土壤pH和efasciculatus的生长与土壤中蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性正相关（r〉0．60）,而Brizamaxima的生长与蔗糖酶的活性正相关（r=0．82）。     

废弃卡林型金矿区结皮苔藓植物蓄水作用和成土功能研究

通过野外调查和实验室分析,对贵州省兴义市新路废弃卡林型金矿区苔藓植物进行了研究。结果显示,该矿区共计有苔藓植物4科6属7种,未发现苔类和角苔,种类组成较单调,其中丛藓科(Pottiaceae)和真藓科(Bryaceae)为优势科;生活型有2种类型:矮丛集型(85.71%)和交织型(14.29%),矮丛集型占有绝对优势;并对该矿区结皮优势苔藓植物硬叶扭口藓、卵蒴真藓、毛口藓和小青藓的生物量、成土量、饱和吸水率和饱和吸水量进行了测定分析。结果显示,该矿区生物量为3.00～52.40g/m2;成土量为217.50～3 695.80g/m2;饱和吸水量为35.10～684.30g/m2;饱和吸水率为1 170.00%～3 637.00%。研究表明,在喀斯特石漠化严重的废弃金矿区,对于在缺少土壤,水土流失严重和植被破坏大的环境区域,苔藓植物以其特有的生态功能在石漠化治理,蓄水作用和成土功能,植被恢复及生态治理等方面起到十分重要的作用。     

Phosphate Solubilizing Ability and Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria from P-Rich Soils Around Dianchi Lake Drainage Area of China

The phylogenetic diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB)distributed in P-rich soils in the Dianchi Lake drainage area of China was characterized,and the tricalcium phosphate(TCP)solubilizing activities of isolated PSB were determined.Among 1 328 bacteria isolated from 100 P-rich soil samples,377 isolates(28.39%of the total)that exhibited TCP solubilization activity were taken as PSB.These PSB showed different abilities to solubilize TCP,with the concentrations of solubilized P in bacterial cultures varying from 33.48 to 69.63 mg L^-1.A total of 123 PSB isolates,with relatively high TCP solubilization activity(>54.00 mg L^-1),were submitted for restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)analysis,which revealed 32 unique RFLP patterns.Based on these patterns,62 representative isolates,one to three from each RFLP pattern,were seffected for 16S rRNA sequencing.Phylogenetic analysis placed the 123 PSB into three bacterial phyla,namely Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Firmicutes.Members of Proteobacteria were the dominant PSB,where 107 isolates represented by 26 RFLP patterns were associated with the genera of Burkholderia,Pseudomonas,Acinetobacter,Enterobacter,Pantoea,Serratia,Klebsiella,Leclercia,Raoultella and Cedecea.Firmicutes were the subdominant group,in which 13 isolates were affiliated with the genera of Bacillus and Brevibacterium.The remaining 3 isolates were identified as three species of the genus Arthrobacter.This research extends the knowledge on PSB in P-rich soils and broadens the spectrum of PSB for the development of environmentally friendly biophosphate fertilizers.     

蓝桉在磷矿剥离浮土上造林试验简报

近年来,国内外十分重视矿山绿化造林,但在矿山剥离浮土上造林成功的例子很少。海口林场在中宝马头箐磷矿剥离浮土上种植蓝桉,一年郁闭,长势良好,有效地控制了水土流失。实践证明,造林行之有效。现将试验结果简报如下。试验点位于昆明市海口林场中宝马头箐磷矿。试验点所在地区气候温和,夏季雨水集中,无酷暑,冬季干燥,无严寒,干湿季分明。海拔1935米,母岩为蛇纹岩,土壤为山地黄红壤,浮土厚3～4米,含沙量约30％,肥力较低,生长着极少量的蒿类植物。     

不同有机肥及用量对矿区复垦土壤有效磷含量及供磷特性的影响

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤,依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市偏城村),在4个磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm²)研究不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥)对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化。经过2年的田间试验,结果表明:(1)施用有机肥和化肥均能显著提高玉米籽粒产量,随着施磷量的增加,玉米籽粒产量呈先增加后基本不变的趋势,通过构建2年磷肥效应方程发现,化肥、鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪处理的最佳施磷量范围分别为67.54~83.02,24.91~38.65,26.10~29.26,50.33~58.38 kg/hm²,可见,3种有机肥推荐施磷量均小于化肥处理;(2)玉米吸磷量和磷肥利用率在各施磷水平下均表现为鸡粪≥猪粪>牛粪>化肥。玉米吸磷量随施磷水平的增加呈先增后基本不变的趋势,磷肥当季回收率表现为随施磷水平的增加呈下降趋势;(3)连续施肥2年后,不同施肥处理在采煤塌陷区复垦土壤上影响的土壤有效磷深度不同。其中,化肥处理在50,100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—60 cm土层Olsen-P含量;鸡粪处理在50 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen-P含量,而100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高Olsen-P含量到60 cm土层;猪粪处理在50,100 kg/hm²磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen-P含量;牛粪处理仅对表层Olsen-P含量有影响。总之,不同有机肥处理之间对作物生长和土壤Olsen-P含量的影响均表现为鸡粪≥猪粪>牛粪,且不同有机肥对于新复垦土壤的推荐施肥量不同,鸡粪和猪粪的推荐施磷量最少,其次为牛粪处理。     

宁东矿区天然植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

[目的] 研究宁东矿区天然植物群落特征与土壤理化性质的关系,为宁东矿区植被重建过程中植物种的选择提供科学依据。[方法] 以宁东矿区6种典型的天然植物群落和土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查结合室内试验的方法,对比分析不同群落的植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。[结果] 宁东矿区6种天然植物群落共调查到植物55种,隶属于15科48属,集中分布于菊科、豆科、藜科和禾本科4科。细枝岩黄耆（Hedysarum scoparium）+柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）—白莲蒿（Artemisia sacrorum）群落灌木层植被盖度和高度在6个群落中均最高,其数值分别为48%和202.54 cm,灌木物种柠条锦鸡儿在其中5个群落中均有分布且生长良好。灌木层Patrick丰富度指数与土壤碱解氮、砾石含量、速效钾和有机质呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关;草本层植物种Patrick丰富度指数与土壤有机质、田间持水量和速效磷呈正相关关系。[结论] 宁东矿区煤矸石山植被重建时,对于覆土土质为壤质砂土或砂质壤土,优先选择柠条锦鸡儿、细枝岩黄耆、黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）等灌木树种;覆土土质为少砾质砂土时选沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和柠条锦鸡儿;覆土土质为多砾质砂土时可选藏锦鸡儿（Caragana tibetica）、裸果木（Gymnocarpos przewalskii）和胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）等灌木物种。土壤容重对灌木物种多样性贡献率较大,土壤田间持水量和有机质对草本植物多样性贡献率较大。