微波处理构建不感染内生真菌德兰臭草种群的方法探讨

微波技术会对生物组织产生一定的生物学效应。为了研究微波技术对德兰臭草（Melica transsilvanica）内生真菌的去除效果,采用微波中低档对感染内生真菌的德兰臭草种子进行不同时间的杀菌处理,通过显微镜检结合植株内生真菌分离技术、种子萌发指标、植株生长指标评价内生真菌去除效果。结果表明,输出功率300 W的微波处理30 s能有效杀灭种子中的内生真菌,并对种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均无显著影响;微波处理10 s,20 s分别降低植株带菌率的10.7%,25%,并且对植株生长有促进作用;微波处理较长时间（40 s及以上时间）虽能有效杀灭种子中的内生真菌,但对种子萌发、植株生长有抑制作用。因此,微波处理种子技术是一种有效、简便、可行的内生真菌去除技术。     

70℃干热处理德兰臭草种子内生真菌的研究

为了更好地研究内生真菌与德兰臭草（Melica transsilvanica）的互作关系,需获得内生真菌种群已失活的德兰臭草种子。本试验采用70℃干热的方法对德兰臭草带菌种子分别处理5 d,10 d,15 d,20 d,25 d和30 d,以不作处理的种子为对照,通过测定各处理后种子的萌发指标、生长指标和植株内生真菌数量等综合评价内生真菌的灭活效果。结果表明,70℃干热处理能有效杀灭德兰臭草种子中的内生真菌;70℃处理5 d后,与对照相比,宿主染菌率下降为50%;处理25 d时,种子和植株中均未分离出内生真菌。同时,70℃处理25 d时,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、植株鲜重和胚根、胚芽长度以及植株株高、叶片数、分蘖数、叶宽和茎粗与对照相比均没有显著影响。值得一提的是,70℃干热处理种子可促进植株须根数的增多和根长的增加。综合比较得出,70℃干热处理25 d能使德兰臭草种子中全部内生真菌失活,是一种简单、方便、可行的方法。     

5种处理方法对沙生针茅种子萌发影响的研究

为了揭示沙生针茅（Stipa glareosa）种子萌发机理,探索促进其种子萌发的方法,以其种子为材料,采用室内控制试验,测定不同处理对种子萌发的影响。结果显示：60℃蒸馏水浸泡种子24 h,-20℃、20℃低温变温处理96 h,80 mg·L^-1赤霉素（GA₃）水溶液浸泡种子24 h,均能提高种子的发芽率和发芽势,且以80 mg·L^-1 GA₃处理效果最好。     

Assessment of soil erosion hazard and prioritization for treatment at the watershed level: Case study in the Chemoga watershed,Blue Nile basin,Ethiopia

Soil erosion by water is the most pressing environmental problem in Ethiopia, particularly in the Highlands where the topography is highly rugged, population pressure is high, steeplands are cultivated and rainfall is erosive. Soil conservation is critically required in these areas. The objective of this study was to assess soil erosion hazard in a typical highland watershed (the Chemoga watershed) and demonstrate that a simple erosion assessment model, the universal soil loss equation (USLE), integrated with satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems can provide useful tools for conservation decision‐making. Monthly precipitation, soil map, a 30‐m digital elevation model derived from topographic map, land‐cover map produced from supervised classification of a Land Sat image, and land use types and slope steepness were used to determine the USLE factor values. The results show that a larger part of the watershed (>58 per cent of total) suffers from a severe or very severe erosion risk (>80 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), mainly in the midstream and upstream parts where steeplands are cultivated or overgrazed. In about 25 per cent of the watershed, soil erosion was estimated to exceed 125 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Based on the predicted soil erosion rates, the watershed was divided into six priority categories for conservation intervention and 18 micro‐watersheds were identified that may be used as planning units. Finally, the method used has yielded a fairly reliable estimation of soil loss rates and delineation of erosion‐prone areas. Hence, a similar method can be used in other watersheds to prepare conservation master plans and enable efficient use of limited resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Experiment to Assess Losses Caused by Frit-fly (Oscinella frit L) Shoot Attack and the Application of Phorate in a Crop of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L)

Wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris adversely affects the productivity of cultivated chickpea. For the management of this disease, seed and soil application formulations developed from another fungus, Trichoderma species, were evaluated. In pot experiments, T. harzianum-based formulations Pusa 5SD for seed dressing and Pusa Biopellet (PBP) 10G and Pusa Biogranule (PBG) 5 for soil application, and T. viride-based formulations Pusa 5SD for seed dressing and PBP 4G and PBG 4 for soil application, were found to be highly effective against the disease. A combination of PBP 4G (T. viride) for soil application and Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) for seed treatment together with a fungicide, carboxin, provided the highest seed germination, shoot and root lengths and grain yield with the lowest incidence of wilt in chickpea under field conditions. Individually, soil application of PBP 4G, and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD were effective in reducing the incidence of wilt and increasing the grain yield of chickpea, but their effectiveness was greater when applied as a combination. Thus, combined application of the formulations of two different species of Trichoderma in two modes of application is recommended for the management of chickpea wilt.     

不同土壤处理剂对设施蔬菜黄瓜根结线虫防治技术研究

为了筛选蔬菜根结线虫的防治技术,在赤峰市进行了7种不同土壤处理药剂对黄瓜根结线虫的防治效果田间试验,结果表明,应用7种不同土壤处理药剂进行土壤处理,揭膜放气5d后定植黄瓜,对黄瓜生长无不良影响,而且对根结线虫均有较好的抑制作用,其中98.1％1,3-二氯丙烯-氯化苦复配胶囊16 kg/667 m2、95％1,3-二氯丙烯液剂65 kg/667m2及10％液体石灰氮65 kg/667m2对黄瓜根结线虫的防治效果达90％左右,优于目前生产中常用药剂42％威百亩水剂6 kg/667m2和10％噻唑磷颗粒剂2 kg/667m2的防治效果,并且可以显著地提高黄瓜产量,适于在设施蔬菜生产上推广使用.     

Pesticide‐laden dust emission and drift from treated seeds during seed drilling: a review

Dressing seeds with pesticides to control pests is a widespread practice with important advantages. Recent incidents of bee losses, however, have directed attention to the emission of abraded pesticide‐coated seed particles to the environment during sowing. This phenomenon of drift of pesticide dust can lead to pesticide contamination of air, water and other natural resources in crop‐growing areas. This review article presents the state of the art of the phenomenon of dust emission and drift from pesticide seed dressing during sowing and its consequences. Firstly, pesticide seed treatment is defined and its pros and cons are set out, with the focus on dust, dust emission and dust drift from pesticide‐coated seed. The factors affecting emission of pesticide dust (e.g. seed treatment quality, seed drilling technology and environmental conditions) are considered, along with its possible effects. The measuring techniques and protocols and models currently in use for calculating the behaviour of dust are reviewed, together with their features and limitations. Finally, possible mitigation measures are discussed, such as improving the seed quality and the use of modified seed drilling technology, and an overview of regulations and stewardship activities is given. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

城市污水处理厂恶臭气体的生物处理方法

城市污水处理厂城主要的臭气源是进水和污泥处理部分,即进水格栅、曝气沉砂池、生化池、污泥浓缩池以及最终贮泥池等工序。国内外治理臭气所采用的方法主要有吸附法、吸收法、焚烧、化学氧化和催化燃烧等,然而这些传统的物理化学法存在设备复杂、工艺过程繁琐、能耗高、二次污染后再生困难等问题。生物法具有处理效率高、环境友好、能耗低、运行费用低廉等优点,已广泛应用于恶臭污染问题的解决。     

不同覆盖方式对苹果园土壤状况及果树生长与果实的影响

【目的】研究渭北旱塬地区苹果园内不同覆盖方式对果园土壤水分、养分、果树生长及结果情况的影响。【方法】以"长富2号"苹果为研究对象,设置覆黑膜、覆白膜和生草覆盖3个覆盖处理,以清耕为对照(CK),定点在果树1年内的不同生长期测定土壤0~40cm土层的土壤体积含水率,同时采集土壤样品测定其养分含量;在果实成熟时,测定果树生长量以及果实产量和品质等指标。【结果】土壤体积含水率在对照、覆白膜和覆黑膜处理间的变化趋势一致,均呈先降后升最后趋于稳定,覆黑膜处理的变化相对较小;而生草覆盖处理不同,呈现出先升后降再升的变化趋势。在初始养分条件基本相等的情况下,随着处理时间的延长,生草覆盖处理可以提高土壤养分含量,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾较处理之初依次提高14.6%,13.8%,19.7%,6.32%和14.2%;而覆膜处理能稳定土壤养分含量,其各养分参数在生长期变化不大;清耕处理土壤养分降低,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾依次降低7.92%,1.74%,29.0%,33.8%和29.8%。覆白膜、黑膜和生草覆盖处理的新枝生长量依次比对照提高24.5%,34.2%和20.5%,叶面积依次增加9.58%,11.5%和5.75%,叶绿素含量依次提高6.03%,6.56%和11.5%。3种覆盖方式均提高了苹果的产量和品质。【结论】覆盖措施能够保持土壤水分,改善土壤养分状况,覆黑膜处理时的保水性最稳定,而生草覆盖能够调节土壤水分且显著改善土壤养分状况;覆盖对苹果树生长和苹果产量、品质起到促进作用,覆黑膜有利于苹果产量的提高,而生草覆盖更有利于苹果树的生长和苹果品质的提高。     

热处理对红富士苹果虎皮病和贮藏效果的影响

【目的】研究热处理对红富士苹果虎皮病和贮藏效果的影响。【方法】以红富士苹果为试材,采用42℃的热空气处理果实24h,然后置于(0±0.5)℃下贮藏195d,以采收后直接入库的果实为对照,果实出库后置于20℃条件下15d(模拟货架期),定期测定各项指标,并观察虎皮病的发生情况。【结果】热处理能极显著降低虎皮病的发病率和病情指数,减少α-法尼烯和共轭三烯的积累,降低呼吸强度和乙烯释放速率,提高POD活性,抑制PPO活性,促进总酚物质的积累,降低果实失重率,维持果实硬度(P<0.01)。热处理对果实的可溶性固形物含量无明显影响,但可极显著降低可滴定酸含量(P<0.01),使固酸比上升。【结论】热处理可以抑制红富士苹果虎皮病的发生,延缓果实衰老,降低果实软化速度,改善果实品质。