鸡常见胚胎病及其防治

鸡胚胎病是指鸡在胚胎发育过程中所出现的疾病。有效控制鸡的胚胎病,对提高受精率、出雏率、健雏率及提高鸡的生产力和养殖效益都有十分重要的意义。对鸡常见胚胎疾病的病因、疾病类型以及防治措施进行了综述。     

响应面法优化藻菌共生体系深度处理畜禽养殖废水工艺研究

为优化微藻-细菌共生体系对畜禽养殖废水中碳氮磷去除的参数条件,利用响应面分析法(Response surface methodology,RSM)中的Box-Behnken中心组合设计(BBC),以接种比例、曝气量以及初始氨氮浓度为试验变量,以污染物去除率为响应值开展试验。响应面分析结果表明,对于COD去除的最佳条件为:活性污泥与微藻接种比例为6.0(m/m)、曝气量2.0 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度750 mg·L~(-1),此时COD去除率达92%以上。对于总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)的去除,当接种比例5.0(m/m)、曝气量1.5 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度750 mg·L~(-1)时,其去除率可达最大值(53%)。而对于磷酸盐的去除,当接种比例6.0(m/m)、曝气量1.5 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度600 mg·L~(-1)时,试验前96 h内便可达到100%的去除率。进一步对生物量检测发现,初始条件分别为曝气量1.5 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度900 mg·L~(-1)、接种比例4.0(m/m)或曝气量1.0 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度750 mg·L~(-1)、接种比例4.0(m/m)时,微藻生物量产量最高,可达到1.63～1.64 g·L~(-1)。研究表明,通过响应面法可以优化藻菌共生体系对畜禽养殖废水的处理工艺。对于不同的目标污染物,具有不同的最优参数组合。综合考虑各因素对各目标污染物去除效果的影响,可以选择废水处理工艺最优参数组合。通过回收在废水处理过程中生长的藻菌共生体用于后续生物质利用,可实现良好的经济价值,提高该工艺在污水深度处理中的应用前景。     

基于酶抑制法的自助式农药残留检测平台建立

以金华火腿骨为研究对象,研究不同提取方法对其呈味物质释放的影响。通过感官评价及可溶性糖、有机酸、5''-核苷酸和游离氨基酸的测定分析不同处理组间样品的差异,同时采用偏最小二乘回归法（partial least squares regression,PLSR）对提取物感官和呈味物质间进行相关性分析。感官评价发现,高压蒸煮的样品的鲜味、咸味和可接受度最高,其协同滋味的综合评分最佳;呈味物质分析发现,原液中所有呈味物质含量都最低,高压-复配酶解处理的样品中可溶性糖总量最高,高达132.68 mg/100 g;经过酶解处理样品有机酸含量显著增加（P<0.05）,达到3 733.32 mg/100 g;样品经不同处理后,5''-核苷酸含量呈现显著性增加（P<0.05）,总含量最高的是经过高压蒸煮处理的样品,质量分数高达1.24 mg/100 g,是原液和其他处理组样品的2.38～12.4倍;与样品原液相比,游离氨基酸总量都显著增加（P<0.05）,高压蒸煮处理的样品中含量最高,总质量分数为642.44 mg/100 g。借助偏最小二乘回归方法对样品的感官属性及呈味成分进行相关性分析,发现样品间具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,不同的处理方式所释放的呈味物质分布规律显著不同,高压蒸煮的样品与咸味和鲜味具有显著相关性（P<0.05）;酶解处理的样品与酸味和甜味有较强相关性,其他组样品与感官与呈味属性相关性不强。结论：不同处理方式的金华火腿骨具有不同的风味,其风味特征与多种物质有关,该研究结果为火腿骨的深度开发提供了理论指导,提高金华火腿骨的附加值。     

Dormancy Characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ and Effects of Spraying 6-benzyladenine on Its Germination and Flowering in Long-day Treatment

[Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new shoots of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were conducted with hydroponics to investigate their dormancy time. And cytokinin 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)was used to treat the dormant shoots, to investigate the budding, flowering and flower bud differentiation. [Result] The shoots in long-day treatment entered endodormancy after August 7~(th) and the shoots in the natural daylight entered endodormancy before July 18~(th). In long-day treatment, 116 buds, 198 flowers were observed after 6-BA spraying. [Conclusion] The optimum concentration of 6-BA was 300 mg/L. And the flower bud differentiation of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment was faster than those in natural daylight after 6-BA spraying.     

肉兔真菌性疾病防治方法的研究

肉兔真菌性疾病是由小孢霉菌和真菌霉所引起的一种人畜共患病,仔兔、幼兔容易感染此病。经过试验发现,病兔每日用10%水杨酸涂擦患处,配合每周2次带兔用1:400百毒杀消毒,结果比较理想,病愈后不易复发。     

硒处理对薄壳山核桃幼苗生长的影响

为探究硒对薄壳山核桃幼苗生长的影响,利用不同浓度亚硒酸钠[0(CK)、0.5、5、10、20、40、80 μmol·L^-1]对薄壳山核桃幼苗进行处理,并测定相关生理指标。结果表明,低浓度硒对薄壳山核桃幼苗生长发育、生物量积累、酶活性均有促进作用,而高浓度硒抑制了幼苗生长、干物质的积累、酶活性、光合速率,且硒浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。80 μmol·L^-1 硒浓度处理后的根长较CK显著降低了55.36%(P<0.05),其他形态指标均无显著差异。硒处理显著提高了幼苗体内的硒含量,且根系>叶片。随着硒浓度的增加,叶、根内的硒含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,硒浓度≥0.5 μmol·L^-1时,其他处理均与CK存在显著差异。40 μmol·L^-1硒浓度处理下叶中的硒含量较CK显著增加了1 682倍,根中的硒含量提高了482倍。低硒浓度(≤10 μmol·L^-1)处理可以促进根中Mn²⁺、Mg²⁺含量和叶中的Zn²⁺含量的积累。当硒浓度≥5 μmol·L^-1时,会促进根中Zn²⁺含量的积累,硒浓度≥10 μmol·L^-1,促进茎中Mn²⁺含量的积累,其中在80 μmol·L^-1硒浓度处理下茎中Mn²⁺含量为CK的9.29倍。过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着硒浓度增加均呈先增后减的趋势,且在0.5 μmol·L^-1硒浓度处理下达到最高,明显高于CK,分别为1 698.63、1 912.28 U·mg prot^-1。综上,低浓度硒处理和施硒时间长短对幼苗光合作用影响不大,而高浓度硒处理会抑制光合作用。本研究结果为进一步揭示硒富集机理和硒的科学使用提供了理论依据。     

Histopathological Changes in Third-Instar and Adult Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) After in vitro Heat Treatment

The Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most harmful pests of mango causing direct damage by oviposition on the fruit pulp. Mango for export is subjected to hydrothermal treatment as a quarantine method for the control of this pest, but exposure to heat for long periods of time reduces considerably the quality and shelf-life of treated fruit. The aim of this work was to study morphological changes of third-instar larvae and adults of A. ludens after in vitro exposure to high temperature at sublethal times. A heating block system was used to expose larvae at 46.1°C for 19.6 and 12.9 min, producing 94.6 and 70% mortality, respectively. Treated larvae were processed for optical microscopy. A fraction of surviving treated larvae was separated into containers with artificial diet to allow development into adults. Adult sexual organs were dissected and processed for transmission electron microscopy analysis. Results showed that 94.6% of the treated larvae died at 46.1°C for 19.6 min and none of the surviving larvae eclosed to adulthood, as they developed as malformed puparia. For the in vitro treatment at 46.1°C during 12.9 min, 70% of the treated larvae died and only 3.75% reached the adult stage, but ultrastructural damage in the male testes and in the female ovaries was observed. Additionally, 11.1% of the adult flies from the in vitro treatment also showed wing malformation and were incapable of flying. The analysis showed that surviving flies were unable to reproduce.     

热处理对板栗采后生理及贮藏效果的影响

将‘青扎’板栗果实进行50℃，60min热处理，研究板栗果实的贮藏效果以及贮藏过程中的生理变化，与未经热处理的栗果对照，结果表明：热处理能抑制栗果贮藏过程中的呼吸强度，POD活性，CAT活性，降低了淀粉酶活性，可溶性糖和还原糖含量，显著抑制板栗中真菌发生和蔓延，降低了果实的失重率，但Vc含量有所降低。     

Partial-degradation and heat-moisture dual modification on the enzymatic resistance and boiling-stable resistant starch content of corn starches

Normal corn, Hylon V and Hylon VII starches were partially degraded by acid-ethanol treatment and applied to heat-moisture treatment (HMT) for improving the enzymatic resistance of starch. The weight-average degree of polymerization (DP_w) of acid-ethanol-treated (AET) corn starches ranged from 6.75 × 10⁵ to 181, 4.48 × 10⁵ to 121, and 1.94 × 10⁵ to 111 anhydrous glucose units for normal corn, Hylon V and Hylon VII starches, respectively. Starch retained its granular structure after AET and HMT, recovery of starch granules after modifications were higher than 92%. Resistant starch (RS) content and boiling-stable RS content of corn starch increased after dual modification, and the increment increased with increasing duration of AET. The boiling-stable RS content of dual-modified starch increased from 1.5 to 9.2, 12.2 to 24.1, and 18.0 to 36.2% for normal corn, Hylon V and Hylon VII starches, respectively. Increments of RS content and boiling-stable RS content of dual-modified starches were significantly correlated (r² > 0.700) with DP_w of starch, revealing that the enzymatic resistance of dual-modified corn starch granules increased with decreasing molecular size of starch. Result also suggested that starch granules partially degraded with AET could improve the molecular mobility and ordering during the consequent HMT.     

Use of regrowth for forage in crops of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cv. Grindstad grown for seed in Norway

Six experiments were carried out in two climatically different regions in south‐east Norway in order to compare different procedures for autumn management and use of regrowth in seed crops of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cv. Grindstad. The experiments were laid out after seed harvest in mid‐August in crops with a stubble height of 5 cm (two experiments) or 12–15 cm (four experiments). Cutting to 5 cm on 15 September or 15 October, with or without an application of 50 kg N ha^?1 immediately after seed harvest, and with or without an additional application of 30 kg N ha^?1 after cutting, were compared with an uncut and unfertilized control treatment. As a main effect,autumn cutting increased seed yield in the subsequent year in only one experiment; this was laid out in a 13 cm stubble on a fertile soil near the coast. In the remaining five experiments seed yields were unaffected byautumn management regardless of climate or stubble height. Autumn cutting and N application increased the number of seedheads in two experiments, but this was offset by a drop in other seed yield components. On average for two cutting dates and for plots receiving an application of 50 kg N ha^?1 after seed harvest, the dry matter (DM) was 1430 kg ha^?1 on an inland site with 12–15 cm stubble, 1400 kg ha^?1 on a coastal site with 5 cm stubble and 2460 kg ha^?1 for two coastal sites with 12–15 cm stubble. Whereas forage yield and quality were fairly stable from the first to the second cut at the inland site, the yield of DM increased, but the crude protein and energy concentrations decreased from 15 September to 15 October at the coastal sites. It is concluded that the stubble and regrowth in seed crops of timothy cv. Grindstad can be harvested for forage without any effect on seed yield in the next year.