纤维诱导对乳清浓缩蛋白起泡性的改善作用分析

纤维诱导对乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)起泡性具有明显的改善作用。通过向乳清浓缩蛋白中添加一定量成熟的纤维,研究热处理过程中纤维诱导对乳清浓缩蛋白起泡性的影响。结果发现,纤维诱导的乳清浓缩蛋白起泡性远高于乳清浓缩蛋白自发形成纤维的起泡性。在诱导过程中,纤维可以快速提高乳清浓缩蛋白的起泡性,尤其在诱导前期(0~2 h);纤维诱导乳清浓缩蛋白1 h和2 h的起泡能力分别是乳清浓缩蛋白自发形成纤维的1.36倍和1.41倍。成熟纤维可快速诱导乳清浓缩蛋白形成纤维,提高聚合速率并缩短纤维形成时间。同时,聚合驱动力也在诱导前期(0~2 h)快速变化,加速纤维形成。     

典型畜禽粪便配伍食用菌菌渣堆肥研究

[目的]研究三种典型畜禽粪便工厂化高温好氧堆肥过程中物理化学参数的动态变化规律,为典型禽畜粪便和食用菌菌渣废弃物有机肥料化提供理论依据。[方法]本研究分别以新鲜牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪配以2倍质量(DW)的食用菌菌渣进行堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中温度、pH值、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数等理化指标的动态变化规律。[结果]堆肥过程中牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪处理在55 ℃以上的持续时间均超过15 天,堆体温度均超过70 ℃。堆肥结束时,猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪处理的pH值分别为7.59、7.81、7.48,符合腐熟堆肥pH值在 5.5 ~ 8.5的一般标准,种子发芽指数(GI)均大于80%,总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)分别为4.31%、5.01%、4.57%,只有鸡粪处理满足有机肥养分标准(NY525-2012)。堆肥过程中各处理铵态氮含量逐渐下降,硝态氮含量逐渐增加,至堆肥结束时牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪处理铵态氮的减少量分别为45.6%、29.2%、33.9%,而相应地硝态氮含量分别增加到2.59 g kg-1、2.57 g kg-1、2.15 g kg-1。[结论]本研究结果可为适度规模养殖场的畜禽粪便进行堆肥处理提供一定的理论依据。     

Repeated sublethal freshwater exposures reduce the amoebic gill disease parasite,Neoparamoeba perurans,on Atlantic salmon

Freshwater bathing is one of the main treatment options available against amoebic gill disease (AGD) affecting multiple fish hosts in mariculture systems. Prevailing freshwater treatments are designed to be long enough to kill Neoparamoeba perurans, the ectoparasite causing AGD, which may select for freshwater tolerance. Here, we tested whether using shorter, sublethal freshwater treatment durations are a viable alternative to lethal ones for N. perurans (2–4 hr). Under in vitro conditions, gill‐isolated N. perurans attached to plastic substrate in sea water lifted off after ≥2 min in freshwater, but survival was not impacted until 60 min. In an in vivo experiment, AGD‐affected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar subjected daily to 30 min (sublethal to N. perurans) and 120 min (lethal to N. perurans) freshwater treatments for 6 days consistently reduced N. perurans cell numbers on gills (based on qPCR analysis) compared to daily 3 min freshwater or seawater treatments for 6 days. Our results suggest that targeting cell detachment rather than cell death with repeated freshwater treatments of shorter duration than typical baths could be used in AGD management. However, the consequences of modifying the intensity of freshwater treatment regimes on freshwater tolerance evolution in N. perurans populations require careful consideration.     

Effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in different temperatures

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a pathogenic disease in salmonids caused by Neoparamoeba perurans. Treatment of AGD infection has been through freshwater bathing of the fish. However, as the availability of fresh water is often limited, hydrogen peroxide has been introduced as an alternative treatment. This study investigated the effect of hydrogen peroxide as treatment for AGD‐infected salmon (Salmo salar L.,) at different seawater temperatures and hydrogen peroxide dosages. In total, 600 fish were challenged with N. perurans and the severity of the AGD infection was measured using a gill score scale. After challenge and disease development, the fish were distributed into 12 tanks. The treatment was performed at different seawater temperatures (8°C, 12°C, 17°C) using different hydrogen peroxide doses. Each temperature included an untreated control group. Linear models were used to analyse gill score. A significant effect of treatment was found (?0.68 ± 0.05) regardless of dose and temperature, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide was effective in treating AGD. When the model included dose, a negative linear relationship between dose and gill score was found. The study proved that treatment of AGD with hydrogen peroxide was successful, as gills partially recovered following treatment and further disease development was delayed.     

益生菌对肠内营养治疗并发腹泻的调节作用

为研究益生菌对行肠内营养治疗患者肠道适应性的调节作用,采用随机数表将157 例患者分为研究组（n＝101）和对照组（n＝56）,进行双盲、随机对照研究。根据Harris-Benedict公式测算基础能量消耗,氮供给量0.2 g/（kg?d）,研究组给予肠内营养＋益生菌,对照组给予肠内营养,治疗期10 d。统计患者的基础人口学资料及临床信息,于肠内营养治疗前和治疗后第10天观察并记录患者的体质量、体质量指数等指标,评价肠道及肾脏等重要脏器的营养代谢状况。结果表明：肠内营养治疗后第10天,2 组患者的营养不良     

Applications of ionizing radiation for the control of postharvest diseases in fresh produce: recent advances

Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses to harvested fruits and vegetables worldwide. In addition to various treatments to control postharvest losses caused by pathogens, the global trend is shifting toward more ecofriendly alternatives safer to human health. Thus far, the main approach to postharvest disease control has mostly relied on the use of chemicals. However, the intense use of chemical fungicides has caused side effects such as environmental issues and evolution of fungicide‐resistant isolates. With increasing demand for the use of non‐chemicals, ionizing radiation has been investigated for application in many aspects of postharvest treatment, especially as an approach with significant potential for the control of postharvest disease. Recently, a number of more or less technologically advanced methodologies, e.g. irradiation combined with other types of treatments and induced disease‐resistance, have been developed to control postharvest diseases as well as to increase the quality and storage life of fresh commodities. Challenges for future application of irradiation in fresh produce are the cost, lack of irradiation facilities, lack of knowledge about optimal conditions for different commodities, and lack of acceptance of irradiated fresh produce. This review aims to document the advances in understanding of the effects of irradiation on postharvest disease, the possible modes of action, and the perspectives in commercial use.     

湿地植被污染物的分析和处理

最近几年我国农业飞速发展,过度使用农药以及化肥,周围河流受到非常严重的污 染。湿地资源比较丰富的地区可以充分利用湿地,对农业造成的污染进行处理。调查河套地区 所有的湿地的情况,对湿地的植被以及水文等进行分析,探讨湿地植被通过怎样的方式缓解农业 污染物对环境造成的压力。     

贵州山地芒果复合保鲜剂的筛选及保鲜效应分析

为研究复合保鲜剂对山地芒果的保鲜效应,选用赤霉素、壳聚糖和氯化钙3种保鲜剂对贵州山地芒果贮藏保鲜进行试验分析。以“桂热芒10号”为材料,综合发病指数、转黄率两个表观指标分析得出：单一保鲜剂处理的过程中,赤霉素浓度为300 mg/L,壳聚糖浓度为1.0%,芒果果实贮藏时间长,效果佳;复合保鲜剂处理中配制300 mg/L的赤霉素、0.75%壳聚糖和3%氯化钙组合溶液,芒果在常温贮藏下表现良好。并将这3种处理果实的呼吸强度、可溶性固形物和Vc含量进行比较表明：复合保鲜剂处理后,果实的可溶性固形物含量维持时间长、能有效延缓果实呼吸、维持Vc含量的降低。证实了芒果通过复合保鲜剂(300 mg/L赤霉素+0.75%壳聚糖+3%氯化钙)处理能有效增强果实在常温条件下的耐贮藏能力。     

犬尿石症发病原因及现状分析进展

犬尿石症是临床上常见的一种泌尿系统疾病,指在犬矿物质代谢紊乱情况下,尿液中析出的盐类结晶以脱落的上皮细胞等异物为核心逐渐形成的矿物质凝结物,积滞于尿路并刺激尿路黏膜引起出血、炎症和阻塞的一种泌尿系统疾病。笔者就犬尿结石症的结石成因、分类、治疗、预防等方面进行了综述。     

不同热处理小米粉对小麦粉面团流变学特性的影响

为探究经过不同热处理的小米粉对小麦面团品质的影响,将小米粉分别进行膨化、蒸制和炒制热处理,经蒸制和炒制的小米粉按照0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%和35%的比例添加到小麦粉中,膨化小米粉按照0、2%、4%、6%和8%的比例添加到小麦粉中,分别对混合粉面团的流变学特性进行研究。结果表明,不同热处理小米粉的灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、总淀粉和总膳食纤维含量均下降,可溶性膳食纤维含量升高(炒制组除外)。不同热处理小米粉的添加量对小麦面团粉质特性和拉伸特性的影响存在显著差异(P0.05);面团的粉质特性随小米粉含量的增加而减弱;添加蒸制和炒制小米粉的面团粉质特性较好。随着小米粉含量的增加,添加膨化小米粉的面团的拉伸特性呈先增强后减弱的趋势,添加蒸制和炒制小米粉的面团的拉伸特性则逐渐减弱,且3个处理的拉伸特性都随醒面时间的延长有所增强,不同处理之间的拉伸特性差别不大。