刺槐心材腐朽病初报

辽宁大连和北京地区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)心材腐朽病的病原菌为槐生多年卧孔菌(Perenniporia robiniophila(Murrill)Ryvarden)。根据野外调查对此新病害的症状和危害进行了报道,并根据采集的病原标本材料对该病原菌进行了详细描述。该菌主要危害30年生以上的活立木,造成心材白色腐朽,最终导致受害树木枯死或风折后死亡。     

三江平原主栽大豆品种对大豆根腐病尖孢镰孢菌的抗性分析

明确三江平原地区主栽大豆品种对主要大豆根腐病致病菌尖孢镰孢菌的抗性。收集了该地区主栽大豆品种13 个,对其同时进行盆栽接种和大田接种尖孢镰孢菌的抗性分析试验,大田接种试验设不接种对照。‘垦丰16’和‘合丰55’的抗性最好,盆栽试验中均表现为抗病,平均病情指数分别为15.33%和20.67%,大田接种试验中表现为抗病,病情指数分别为25.55%和22.89%,与未接种对照相比,减产率最低,分别为3.55%和3.77%,差异达到显著水平。‘垦丰16’和‘合丰55’是适宜三江平原地区种植的抗尖孢镰孢菌根腐病的抗病品种。     

Chromosomal location of Fusarium head blight resistance genes and analysis of the relationship between resistance to head blight and brown foot rot

In order to identify chromosomes involved in resistance to Fusarium head blight, a set of 21 substitution lines of Triticum macha (resistant) chromosomes into ‘Hobbit’'sib’(susceptible) were evaluated in trials over 2 years. For the first year's trial, all plants were inoculated on the same day with a conidial suspension of F. culmorum. For the second trial, individual plants were inoculated precisely at mid anthesis of each plant over a period of 2 weeks. The disease level was assessed by visual scoring, relative ear weight and F. culmorumn‐specfic quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that T. macha chromosomes 1B, 4A and 7A conferred good overall resistance, suggesting that they carry important genes for resistance. In two additional trials, T. macha and ‘Hobbit’'sib’ were evaluated for resistance to brown foot rot. The results showed that T. macha was more susceptible than ‘Hobbit’‘sib’, indicating that stem base disease response is not correlated with head blight resistance in these cultivars.     

The Role of Phenolics and Peroxidase in Resistance to Alternaria triticina in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Total phenolic content in eight diverse wheat lines showed that PF-70354 YACO'S' had the highest (802.90 ± 1.35 μg g⁻¹ fresh weight) and Agra Local possessed the lowest amount (684.72 ± 5.28 μg g⁻¹ fresh weight). However, for further experiments two lines namely, ACC-8226 and MP-845, with contrasting disease scores under field trials were assessed. Pre-infectional levels of total phenolics and peroxidase activity were higher in ACC-8226 than in MP-845. Furthermore, the amount of phenolics and peroxidase activity in each case increased after inoculation. The post-infectional levels of phenolics and peroxidase were again higher in ACC-8226 than in MP-845. The peroxidase activity decreased with age in both the varieties, with very little peroxidase activity after 35th day. However, the amount of phenolics started to decrease with the progress of disease and age in MP-845, whereas in ACC-8226 an elevated level of it was maintained. Our findings not only support that ACC-8226 is the resistant and MP-845 is the susceptible variety but also provide important biochemical parameters for plant breeders to authentically identify potential breeding material and plan effective breeding strategies using these tools.     

Breeding wheat and rye for resistance to Fusarium diseases

Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Groups 1 and 2 cause seedling blight, crown rot, foot rot and head blight in wheat and rye that may affect grain yield and quality for baking and feeding. This review starts with an analysis of Fusarium populations with regard to their genetic variation for aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and isolate-by-host genotype interaction. To assess resistance in the different host growth stages, quantitative inoculation and disease assessment techniques are necessary. Based on estimated population parameters, breeding strategies are reviewed to improve Fusarium resistance in wheat and rye. Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of Fusarium resistance that are important for resistance breeding are discussed. F. culmorum and F. graminearum display large genetic variation for aggressiveness in isolate collections and in naturally occurring populations. The production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, is a common trait in these populations. Significant isolate-by-host genotype interactions were not found across environments in wheat and rye. Artificial infections in the field are indispensable for improving Fusarium crown rot, foot rot and head blight resistance in wheat and rye. For a reliable disease assessment of large populations, disease severity ratings were found to be the most convenient. The differentiation of host resistance is greatly influenced by an array of nongenetic factors (macro-environment, microclimate, host growth stage, host organ) that show significant interactions with host genotype. Selection for environmentally stable resistance has to be performed in several environments under a maximum array of different infection levels. Selection in early growth stages or on one plant organ does not in most cases allow prediction of resistance in adult-plant stages or another plant organ. Significant genetic variation for resistance exists for all Fusarium-incited diseases in breeding populations of wheat and rye. The patho-systems studied displayed a prevalence of additive gene action with no consistent specific combining ability effects and thus rapid progress can be expected from recurrent selection. In wheat, intensive testing of parental genotypes allows good prediction of the mean head blight resistance after crossing. Subsequent selection during selfing generations enables the use of transgression towards resistance. In hybrid breeding of winter rye, the close correlation between foot rot resistance of inbred lines and their GCA effects implies that selection based on the lines per se should be highly effective. This is not valid for F. culmorum head blight of winter rye caused by a greater susceptibility of the inbred lines compared to their crosses. For both foot rot and head blight resistance, a high correlation between the resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum was found in wheat and rye. Mycotoxin accumulation occurs to a great extent in naturally and artificially infected plant stands. The correlation between resistance traits and mycotoxin contents are medium and highly dependent on the environment. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether greater resistance will lead to a correlated reduction of the mycotoxin content of the grains under natural infection.     

甘兰型油菜品质性状的变化与抗(耐)菌核病的关系

经1987～1992年时甘兰型油菜品质资源田间自然抗病性的连续观察鉴定(包括同一品种不同品质的单株)和同一品种不同发病级别单株种子内芥酸、硫甙、油份等品质的测试分析。结果是油菜菌核病的发病程度与这些品质性状的关系密切。即抗病性的强弱与芥酸、硫甙的含量成正相关,与油份的含量成反相关,不同发病级别的单株种子与产油量成反相关。根据分析结果笔者认为,在进行双低油菜育种过程中,应将低代材料置于易于发生菌核病的环境中选择,在发病极度严重时还要注重保留那些耐病的单株,这是集优质、丰产、耐病为一体的有效途径。同时在优质油菜生产中要作好防病工作。     

棉隆与生物有机肥协同防治芹菜根腐病及其对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

本研究测定土壤消毒剂棉隆熏蒸与生物有机肥协同处理芹菜根腐病高发的芹菜地后,对芹菜根腐病的防治效果及根际土壤微生物变化的影响。结果表明,未经过土壤处理的芹菜地栽培60d后,芹菜根腐病发病率为29.03%,经过棉隆和生物菌肥协同处理后,对芹菜根腐病防效高达95.14%。土壤处理后不同时间采样测定发现土壤真菌、细菌的种类和数量显著低于未处理土壤,随着定植时间的延长土壤微生物得到复壮,微生物群落数量和未处理土壤相近。因此,说明棉隆对芹菜根腐病具有显著的防治效果,与生物有机肥协同应用,可以维持土壤微生物结构,对土传病害的可持续控制具有重要的意义。     

野生大豆接种大豆疫霉根腐病菌后超氧化物歧化酶活性变化

对大豆疫霉菌胁迫下抗感不同野生大豆根、茎、叶中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dis-mutase,SOD)活性的变化进行了初步研究。结果表明:接种大豆疫霉根腐病菌后,抗感野生大豆根、茎、叶中SOD活性在病程的大部分阶段多高于相应对照,且总体而言,抗病野生大豆比感病野生大豆SOD活性较相应对照增幅大。     

白三叶草一种叶斑病病原菌的分离鉴定

明确在山东省聊城市白三叶草上发现的一种叶斑病的病原菌,以期为该病害的防控提供参考.2019年采集山东省聊城市东昌府区具有叶斑病的白三叶叶片,利用组织分离法分离病原菌,并依据柯赫式法则验证致病性.在形态学观察的基础上,对病原菌进行分子生物学鉴定,构建系统发育树,分析其遗传多样性.从发病叶片中分离得到病原菌(标记为SY1)...