大蒜根腐病根际土壤真菌群落结构及多样性分析

研究旨在解析根腐病发生时大蒜根际土壤真菌群落结构,明确大蒜根腐病与根际土壤真菌群落多样性变化的关系,探明根腐病发生的微生态机制,为病害的防控提供理论基础。以新疆连续3年的大蒜根腐病发病田的根际土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序方法对大蒜根际土壤总DNA的真菌ITS区序列进行大规模测序分析。结果表明,与健康对照相比,在门的水平上,子囊菌门和接合菌门真菌是大蒜根腐病根际土壤的优势真菌类群,其中高水平的子囊菌门菌群与病害发生有着密切的关系。在属的水平上,注释获得137个属,其中19个属与大蒜根腐病有较大的相关性。镰刀菌属真菌数量在病土中高于健康对照。随着连作年限的延续,根腐病的发生愈发严重,土壤中真菌群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数、真菌属的数量逐年降低,大蒜根腐病的发生与植株根际真菌群落组成及多样性密切相关,土壤真菌类群的平衡和多样性改变是根腐病发生的一大诱因。     

棉花烂铃空间格局及抽样技术研究

本文通过聚集度指标（如：Ｃ、Ｋ、Ｃ＿Ａ、Ｉ、Ｉ＿δ、）测定，以及Ｉｗａｏ’线性回归、Ｔａｙｌｏｒ’ｓＳ￣２一回归和格局纹理分析，结果表明，棉花烂铃空间格而在一切密度下都呈聚集型，且聚集强度随烂铃密度的升高而增加，其空间格局的基本成分是疏松的个体群，其大小约为２～５株棉花，平均约含２．８４个烂铃个体，且个体群内的个体呈随机分布，经μ检验和方差分析，双对角线５点式、棋盘式和平行跳跃式等３种取样方法均适用于棉花烂铃田间调查，尤以双对角线５点式为佳，用双对角线５点式应样法调查的最适抽样数：一般病情普查至少１０个样方（每样方系５株棉花），系统测报和科研调查为２０～３０个样方。最后给出了棉花烂铃平均密度的零频率简易估计模型。     

大白菜软腐病苗期抗性及其与成株期抗性的关系

对６６个大白菜品种苗期抗性的测定结果表明，不同品种对细菌根系侵入和潜伏侵染的抗性存在显著差别；同一品种幼苗对侵入侵染的抗性与对潜伏侵染的抗性间没有相关性。幼苗期的组织含菌量与成株的田间软腐病发病程度有一定的相关性。并初步建立了大白菜对软腐病苗期抗性的鉴定方法。     

温度对白菜黑腐病侵染与发病影响的研究

白菜接种墨腐病后，置１５、２０、２５、３０℃的光照培养箱中保温４８ｈ。１１天后移在室温下，病均可以完成侵染。病害的进程随着环境环境的提高面表现出正相关。在上述温度梯度下，大白菜黑腐病病情指数达到５０的天数，分别为３５、３２、２７、８天。使其致死的时间分别为４１、３５、３２、３２天。因此，鉴定时提高环境的温度，有利缩短一病的时间，若接种的温度控制在２５℃或３０℃，则接种后的第１１或第８天即可进行病情     

棉花烂铃病流行趋势超长期预报模型及其应用研究

本文对ＧＭ（１，１）模型参数估计方法进行了改进和简化，据此组建了苏北沿海棉区棉花烂铃病流行趋势超长期预报模型，经１９８０～１９８９年回报和１９９０～１９９５年预报，棉花烂铃病流行轻、重发生的符合率达１００％；１９９６～２０００年预报结果为１９９８年和２０００年为重发生，其余３ａ为轻发生。这将为棉花烂铃病的研究和防治规划提供科学决策依据，也为ＧＭ（１，１）模型能在基层病虫测报站推广应用创造了条件。     

Calcium and its relationship to blossom‐end rot in tomato

Abstract

Absorption, transport and redistribution of calcium in higher plants is summarized.

Requeriments and roles of the element both at the molecular and physiological level are discussed.

A review of the literature on the occurence of blossom‐end rot is presented next as well as a summary of the factors which influence the disorder.

After drawing the conclusion that lack of calcium in the fruit is the immediate cause of blossom‐end rot an attempt is made to present a conciliatory picture of the apparently divergent data and ideas found in the literature sampled for review.     

栽培因子对棉花烂铃影响的数学模型研究

试验采用二次正交旋转组合设计，对安徽沿江棉区棉花的移栽密度、施氮量、施磷钾肥量、去早蕾数及喷缩节安量与棉花烂铃的关系进行了定性定量的研究，建立了棉花烂铃率和烂铃指数对５项栽培因子反应的数学模型，并对模型进行检验和解析。结果表明，模型极显著，并与实际相吻合，５项栽培因子对棉花烂铃存在显著或极显著的影响，同时因子间存在着互作效应。此模型可作为近似气候年份棉花烂铃的预测模式。     

Molecular genetic characterisation of the Asc locus of tomato conferring resistance to the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici

The Alternaria stem canker disease of tomato is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and its host-selective AAL-toxins. Resistance to the pathogen and insensitivity to the toxins are conferred by the Asc locus on chromosome 3L. Sensitivity to AAL-toxins is a relative character; the toxins inhibit development of all tested tomato tissues but susceptible cultivars are much more sensitive than resistant cultivars. In addition to tomato, some other plant and animal species are sensitive to the toxins as well. The likely mode of action of AAL-toxins is interference with sphingolipid biosynthesis by specific inhibition of ceramide synthase activity. To molecularly isolate Asc, transposon tagging and positional cloning strategies are applied. As a first step, transposon insertions and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers are identified in proximity of the Asc locus. Subsequently, the transposons are used to inactivate Asc by insertion mutagenesis, and the RFLP markers are used to identify yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) with tomato DNA inserts. Once an Asc-insertion mutant and/or a YAC encompassing Asc has been obtained, physical isolation and characterisation of Asc will be conceivable. Elucidation of the molecular role of Asc will illuminate the specificity of host recognition by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici.Abbreviations AAL-toxin Alternaria alternata lycopersici-toxin - A. a. lycopersici Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici - Asc Alternaria stem canker - HST host-selective toxin     

生物有机肥对防治山药根茎腐病和促进山药生长的研究

为了探讨生物有机肥(BOF)对山药根茎腐病的防治效果和促生效果,在山药根茎腐病重发地块进行了田间小区试验.结果表明:施用生物有机肥的处理Tl(CK+450 kg/hm2 BOF)、T2(CK+750 kg/hm2 BOF)和T3(CK+1050kg/hm2 BOF)与CK相比,山药根茎腐病病斑的长度分别减小了65.1％、77.2％、78.0％,病斑所占的比例分别下降了67.6％、80.0％、81.7％,对山药根茎腐病有很好的防治效果;山药块茎的鲜重分别增加了15.2％、32.0％、37.1％,块茎长度分别增加了6.0％、11.3％、19.5％,块茎茎粗分别增加了10.9％、23.6％、50.9％,山药产量提高了15.3％、32.2％、37.3％;T1、T2和T3与CK相比,细菌的数量分别增加1.04、1.31、1.41倍、放线菌的数量分别增加1.09、1.18、1.71倍,真菌的数量分别减少了21.9％、46.9％、50.0％,从而改善土壤微生态环境.施用生物有机肥不仅可以明显减少山药根茎腐病的发生,同时对山药有较强的促生效果,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Variation of Pythium-induced cocoyam root rot severity in response to soil type

In Cameroon, andosols are suspected to be suppressive to cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) root rot disease (CRRD) caused by the Oomycete pathogen Pythium myriotylum. To determine factors involved in disease suppressiveness, andosols were studied in comparison to ferralsols known to be disease-conducive. Soil samples were collected from six sites of which three were in andosols around Mount Cameroon (Boteva, Njonji, and Ekona) and the three others in ferralsols (Bakoa, Lapkwang, and Nko’o canane). Greenhouse plant experiments were used to assess soil suppressiveness. Soils were artificially infested with two levels of P. myriotylum inoculum (100 and 300 mycelia strands g⁻¹ soil) prior to planting cocoyam. Disease severity was significantly higher in ferralsols than in andosols. Andosols partly lost their suppressiveness as a result of autoclaving and could recover suppressiveness following recolonisation by their original microflora. Soil microbial groups implicated in the disease suppression were investigated by assessing the effect of fungicide, bactericide, and pasteurisation on andosol suppressiveness. Andosols suppressiveness was significantly reduced following pasteurisation and treatment with fungicide and bactericide. The possible influence of microbial biomass on andosol suppressiveness was investigated by comparing microbial populations of suppressive andosols to those in andosols that had lost suppressiveness. A comparative analysis of suppressive and conducive soil properties was performed to identify soil variables, which may contribute to soil suppressiveness. Soil chemical analysis results showed that organic matter content was higher in andosols than in ferralsols. In addition, the content of mineral nutrients such as Ca, K, Mg and N, was higher in andosols than in ferralsols. These soil variables negatively correlated with disease severity. By contrast, sand and clay, which were higher in ferralsols than in andosols, were positively related to disease severity. This study has confirmed the suppressive nature of andosols from Mount Cameroon to CRRD. The results suggest that high organic matter content is likely mediating P. myriotylum suppression in andosols by improving soil structure, increasing soil nutrient content and microbial biomass, and sustaining microbial activity.