福建长乐海区一次东海原甲藻赤潮生消过程分析

本文通过对2010年5月2—10日发生在福建长乐海区的一次东海原甲藻赤潮进行跟踪监测,分析并探讨了该赤潮生消过程。结果表明:东海原甲藻可在光照较强的气象条件下发生赤潮;本次赤潮暴发后东海原甲藻仍能快速增长并聚集,且主要利用硝酸氮作为氮营养成分;该赤潮生物在赤潮过程中承受低磷贫瘠环境胁迫的能力较强。对监测过程中海区各环境因子主成分分析也表明,本次赤潮限制因子有:硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、水温以及盐度等。     

采摘花芽对春茶产量与品质的影响

茶树是以收获叶片为主的经济作物。生产上,茶树旺盛的生殖生长会消耗大量营养,影响茶叶的产量和品质。通过比较有无花芽和采摘花芽对春茶产量和品质的影响,为茶园管理提供理论依据和指导。以中茶108为材料,试验设3个处理：T1为有花芽未采摘,T2为采摘花芽,T3为无花芽。在春茶期,分别于3月15日、3月18日、3月22日和3月25日进行采样,测定产量和品质。结果表明,开花会显著降低春茶产量,与有花芽的T1相比,T3处理前3次采摘分别增加了114.3%、55.1%和76.5%。可采摘芽头数量也呈现相同的趋势,与T1相比,T3处理各个时期鲜叶芽头数分别增加了100%、55%、31.6%和9.9%。T2摘花处理也能够显著提高可采摘芽头数量。茶树开花与采摘花芽处理对春茶期间茶叶百芽重的影响主要表现在第1次采摘时,T1处理百芽重最低,T3处理的百芽重最高,达到3.1 g。对茶叶品质成分进行研究发现,无花芽的T3处理鲜叶氨基酸和茶多酚含量均显著高于有花芽的T1处理;与T1处理相比,摘去花芽后T2处理的鲜叶氨基酸和茶多酚含量均有不同程度增加。不同处理间鲜叶养分含量存在一定的差异,并且主要体现在磷(P)、钾(K...     

梅花不同品种幼树期及开花物候期研究

在长沙地区,对65个梅花品种的幼树期及开花物候期进行了观察记载。梅花不同品种其幼树期不同,丰后、美人梅、小骨里红等品种的幼树期短,嫁接当年就能开花。三轮玉蝶、桃红朱砂、南京红等品种嫁接后3~4 a才可开花。不同品种开花时期及花期长短也不同。早花品种的最佳观赏期最长为25 d,最短为18 d。中花品种的最佳观赏期最长为24 d,最短为8 d。晚花品种的最佳观赏期最长为10 d,最短为7 d。     

两种除藻剂对黄丝藻藻华叶绿素a含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响

用不同浓度硫酸铜、异噻唑啉酮对采自养殖池塘的黄丝藻藻华染毒,分时采样,用分光光度计法测定叶绿素a（ChII a）含量,用相应的试剂盒测定丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT)活性的变化。结果表明,硫酸铜、异噻唑啉酮对黄丝藻24、48、72、96 h的半数有效浓度（EC50）分别为5.551、4.543、3.646、2.898mg/L 和13.712、9.858、8.680、5.114 mg/L。随着浓度的升高,硫酸铜、异噻唑啉酮对黄丝藻的毒性越来越强,浓度为2.40 mg/L 时黄丝藻ChII a含量、SOD、CAT 活性较低,而MDA 含量较高,说明此时黄丝藻细胞已经完全解体。浓度为0.42 mg/L 时,各个测量值与对照组差异不显著,说明低浓度两种除藻剂96 h内对黄丝藻的毒性较小。结果说明两种除藻剂都可以抑制或者杀死黄丝藻藻华,并且硫酸铜对黄丝藻藻华的毒性较异噻唑啉酮强。     

嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成与砧木的相关性及其硅吸收分配特性

黄瓜果实表面蜡粉的多少影响其商品品质,蜡粉多少在一定条件下取决于植株对硅的吸收特性。本试验选择4个果实表面具蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z1、 Z2、 Z3和Z4）和4个果实表面没有蜡粉的南瓜自交系（Z5、 Z6、 Z7 和Z8）为砧木,嫁接津优1号黄瓜,以自根黄瓜为对照,研究了嫁接和自根黄瓜果面蜡粉形成与硅吸收分配的关系。结果表明, 采用果面具蜡粉砧木Z1、 Z2嫁接的黄瓜果实表面鲜亮、 光滑,几乎无蜡粉;果面具蜡粉的砧木Z3、 Z4以及不具蜡粉的4个砧木嫁接的黄瓜果面蜡粉量多,色灰暗,与自根黄瓜之间差异显著或不显著。果面没有蜡粉的黄瓜植株各器官中硅含量显著低于果面有蜡粉的黄瓜;果实果皮中硅含量高于果肉。嫁接黄瓜果面是否具蜡粉与砧木果面有无蜡粉没有必然联系,采用去蜡粉砧木嫁接的黄瓜硅吸收量明显减少。     

Bloom or bust: synchrony in jellyfish abundance,fish consumption,benthic scavenger abundance,and environmental drivers across a continental shelf

Increases in gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) populations, their dominance of some ecosystems, their impacts to other taxa, and their questionable trophic value remain global concerns, but they are difficult to quantify. We compared trends in GZ abundance from direct sampling for the northeast U.S. continental shelf and tested their association with GZ consumption by spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias); the abundance of two benthic scavengers: Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) and grenadiers (Family: Macrouridae); and four environmental indices: Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and sea surface and bottom temperatures. Defined as scyphozoans, siphonophores, ctenophores, and salps, the abundance of GZ on the shelf has oscillated with blooms approximately every 10–15 yr. Conservative estimates of annual removal of GZ by spiny dogfish ranged from approximately 0.3–298 g individual^?1 with spiny dogfish being the primary GZ feeder sampled on the shelf. The examination of three abundance series for GZ identified one shelf‐wide trend and strong relationships with 2‐yr lagged consumption and scavenger abundance (namely hagfish), and sea surface temperature. With multimodel inference, these covariates led to an optimal model of GZ abundance. Blooms of GZ abundance on this shelf were influenced by environmental change, provide surges of food for spiny dogfish, and may offer ‘food falls’ for scavenging fishes. The bioenergetic tradeoffs of consuming greater amounts of GZ compared to other major prey (e.g., fishes) remain unknown; however, these surges of food in the northwest Atlantic appear to be important for fishes, including support for benthic scavenger productivity.     

藻类水华的生物控制措施

藻类水华会释放大量毒素和有害物质,造成水生生物的大量死亡,给渔业生态环境带来严重危害。生物控制措施可以在一定程度上降低水体富营养化程度和控制藻类的过度繁殖,防止有害藻类大量爆发。主要生物控制作用包括,一方面促进水体生态系统的物质循环和能量流动,加速营养元素沉降或脱离水生生态系统;另一方面限制或抑制水华藻类的生长,使水体生态系统处于稳定的动态平衡。     

Effects of stocking density and algal concentration on the survival,growth and metamorphosis of Bobu Ivory shell,Babylonia formosae habei (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae) larvae

Independent and combined effects of stocking density and algal concentration on the survival, growth and metamorphosis of the Bobu Ivory shell Babylonia formosae habei larvae were assessed using a 5 × 5 factorial design with densities of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.50 larvae mL⁻¹ and algal concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 × 10⁴ cells mL⁻¹ in the laboratory. Larval growth, survival and metamorphosis were significantly affected by both the independent effects of stocking density and algal concentration and by their interaction. The highest per cent survival (72.5%) and metamorphosis (49.5%), fastest growth (41.57 μm day⁻¹) and shortest time to initial metamorphosis (10 days) all occurred at the lowest stocking density and the highest algal concentration. Both crowding and food limitation had independently negative impacts on the survival, growth and metamorphosis of larvae, and these negative impacts were further strengthened by the interaction of a higher stocking density and a lower algal concentration. Moreover, the results suggest that stocking density and algal concentration obviously played different roles in determining larval survival and growth. To maximize survival and growth, B. formosae habei larvae should be reared at a lower stoking density of 0.25 larvae mL⁻¹ and fed a higher algal concentration of 25 × 10⁴ cells mL⁻¹ in large-scale hatchery seed culture.     

横山水库浮游植物群落结构季节性变化特征

分析了2010-2011年不同季节横山水库浮游植物群落结构的变化特征.结果表明,4个季节共采集到90种(属)浮游植物,蓝藻和硅藻在横山水库浮游植物季节性演替中的作用非常重要.在太湖流域首次发现拟柱胞藻(Cylindrospermopsis sp.),夏季在水库成为优势种并引起水华,密度达到1.01×108个/L.富营养化日趋严重的横山水库为拟柱胞藻水华奠定了基础.作为生态入侵种,拟柱胞藻可以产生毒素,危害生态系统和人体健康.应加强监测和流域综合管理,防止拟柱胞藻水华扩散到流域内其它大型水库.     

Improvement in recruitment of Japanese sardine with delays of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Japan

To evaluate the impact of temporal variation of primary productivity on the recruitment of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Sea of Japan, the phenology of sea surface phytoplankton abundance was estimated from 8 day multiple satellite (SeaWiFS, MODIS‐Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS) derived sea surface chlorophyll (SSChl) a concentrations from January 1998 to December 2015. Because relationships between SSChl a and in situ chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly different among periods based on the satellite combinations used, maximum and minimum SSChl a concentrations of 1 year were relativized as 1 and 0, respectively. Spatio‐temporal variation of relativized SSChl a concentrations was determined by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Scores in the first EOF mode denoted the basin‐scale variations of SSChl a concentrations in the Sea of Japan, and the major peak from the end of February to the end of May displayed the spring bloom. The logarithm of recruitment per spawner (LNRPS) for sardine was positively affected by delays in the start and end dates of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The delay of the date of the lowest sea surface temperature contributed to the delay of the end of the spring bloom during the period 1998–2015 and elevated the LNRPS during the period 1982–2015. Sardine spawns in the southern Sea of Japan from April to May, hence, delays of the spring bloom prolonged its overlap with sardine larval periods, and thus improved the recruitment of Japanese sardine in the Sea of Japan.