Dual potential of microalgae as a sustainable biofuel feedstock and animal feed

The rise in global population has led to explorations of alternative sources of energy and food. Because corn and soybean are staple food crops for humans, their common use as the main source of dietary energy and protein for food-producing animals directly competes with their allocation for human consumption. Alternatively, de-fatted marine microalgal biomass generated from the potential biofuel production may be a viable replacement of corn and soybean meal due to their high levels of protein, relatively well-balanced amino acid profiles, and rich contents of minerals and vitamins, along with unique bioactive compounds. Although the full-fatted (intact) microalgae represent the main source of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids including docohexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the de-fatted microalgal biomass may still contain good amounts of these components for enriching DHA/EPA in eggs, meats, and milk. This review is written to highlight the necessity and potential of using the de-fatted microalgal biomass as a new generation of animal feed in helping address the global energy, food, and environmental issues. Nutritional feasibility and limitation of the biomass as the new feed ingredient for simple-stomached species are elaborated. Potential applications of the biomass for generating value-added animal products are also explored.     

黑龙江省东部山区养渔业与森林生态环境的关系

为充分利用林区的自然资源,1986—1987年先后在帽儿山实验林场和依兰县先锋林场进行了养鱼试验,经过120天的饲养期,鱼产量在帽儿山为3094.5kg/ha,在先锋为1882.5kg/ha。 林区水资源丰富,水质稳定;水的pH值偏低,多为软水,水中营养盐类贫乏。用石灰清塘可使pH值由6.5升至8.3。施肥可促进浮游生物的增殖,藻类的优势种为隐藻,浮游动物为近邻剑水蚤。灯光诱虫既能使鲤鱼生长明显加快,又能除去部分森林害虫。林区水体污染较轻,故家养鱼类病害也较少。 在帽儿山、鱼的增重倍数为5.33,饵料系数为2.14;在先锋则分别为7.68和1.35。由于鲤鱼适应低温环境,所以长势较鲢鳙鱼为好。在帽儿山鲤鱼平均重0.31kg,在先锋则为0.40kg。 林区宜主养鲤鱼,也应放养草食和腐食性的鱼类,以充分利用水体中的生态位。     

海藻肥在蔬菜生产上的应用研究

采用叶面喷施的方法研究海藻肥对蔬菜产量及部分品质指标的影响。结果表明,施用海藻肥可显著提高菠菜、黄瓜及大蒜的产量,使其分别增产42.8%、13.3%和20.0%;可有效增大菠菜和黄瓜的叶面积,提高其Vc含量,并能明显增大蒜头横径和单头蒜重。     

Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems

This paper analyses nutrient conversions, which are taking place in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. In these systems fish is cultured next to other organisms, which are converting otherwise discharged nutrients into valuable products. These conversions are analyzed based on nitrogen and phosphorous balances using a mass balance approach. The analytical concept of this review comprises a hypothetical system design with five modules: (1) the conversion of feed nutrients into fish biomass, the “Fish-Biomass-Converter”; (2) the separation of solid and dissolved fish waste/nutrients; the “Fish-Waste-Processor”; (3) the conversion of dissolved fish waste/nutrients, the “Phototrophic-herbivore-Converter”; (4 and 5) the conversion of solid fish waste, the “Bacterial-Waste-Converter”, or the “Detrivorous-Converter”. In the reviewed examples, fish culture alone retains 20–50% feed nitrogen (N) and 15–65% feed phosphorous (P). The combination of fish culture with phototrophic conversion increases nutrient retention of feed N by 15–50% and feed P by up to 53%. If in addition herbivore consumption is included, nutrient retention decreases by 60–85% feed N and 50–90% feed P. This is according to the general observation of nutrient losses from one trophic level to the next. The conversion of nutrients into bacteria and detrivorous worm biomass contributes only in smaller margins (e.g. 7% feed N and 6% feed P and 0.06% feed N 0.03 × 10⁻³% feed P, respectively). All integrated modules have their specific limitations, which are related to uptake kinetics, nutrient preference, unwanted conversion processes and abiotic factors.     

Nutrient-flow wick culture system for potted plant production: System characteristics and plant growth

To compliment the current subirrigation systems used for production of potted plants, a nutrient-flow wick culture (NFW) system was developed and compared with other subirrigation systems, such as an ebb and flow culture (EBB) system and a nutrient-stagnant wick culture (NSW) system in relation to their system characteristics and plant growth. Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cv. New Alter) was cultivated in a 6 cm pot for 10 weeks in each subirrigation system. The water-absorption pattern of the medium, water content of the medium, water loss, algal growth, salt-buildup and plant growth under various culture systems were observed. The water contents of medium under the NFW and EBB systems showed fluctuations from 30 to 40% and from 50 to 60% (by volume), respectively, whereas the water content under the NSW system gradually increased to over 40% without fluctuation. Relative to other systems, the water loss in the NFW system was 50–70% due to the reduction in the evaporation from the surfaces of the trough and medium. Algae appeared in the NSW system because the nutrient solution was always stagnant in the trough, while it was not observed under the NFW system. The dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution was the highest during the irrigation period and the salinity in the medium was the lowest in the NFW system. With regard to system characteristics, the NFW system was simple, water-saving and efficient. In addition, the growth of kalanchoes in the NFW system was similar to those in the NSW and EBB systems at an irrigation frequency of five times a day.     

贵州岩下大鲵自然保护区藻类生态分布

通过对贵州岩下大鲵自然保护区藻类的生态分布情况进行调查,并且利用植物区系丰富性综合系数法对保护区内藻类植物的丰富性进行了评价。结果表明,绿藻和硅藻为保护区内优势种群,水塘和静水河中物种最丰富,该保护区内藻类的物种组成具有亚热带区系性质的特点,藻类丰富性相对贫乏。     

蓝藻介导磁聚物化学强化一级处理低浓度生活污水的研究

通过壳聚糖-超纯磁铁矿粉磁聚物对低浓度生活污水化学强化一级处理并利用磁场将絮体收集实验得出,引入蓝藻充当媒介,可使絮体大而密实,有助于水体污染物的去除。引入超纯磁铁矿粉,可使形成的絮体带有强磁性,便于借助外磁场快速移出水体,从而为固液分离提供一种新的工艺思路。     

水动力对藻类的作用机理研究

归纳总结近年来国内外关于水动力对藻类生长影响的相关研究报道,针对水动力对藻类的作用机理进行综述。     

滇池控藻围隔中水生植物和浮游藻类对不同形态铁浓度的影响

运用围隔试验来研究围隔生态系统内浮游藻类的组成和数量以及水生植物变化对不同形态铁浓度的影响,再反过来探讨微量元素铁在蓝藻水华暴发过程中对水生植物和浮游藻类生态生理的作用,从而为探索治理蓝藻水华的新途径提供基础证据。从2003年6月至10月,定期采样测定了控藻围隔水体中的亚铁、颗粒态铁(>0.22μm)、小胶体态铁(0.22～0.025μm)、溶解态铁(<0.025μm)的浓度和叶绿素a的浓度,同时对浮游藻类进行了组成鉴定和细胞计数。结果表明,不同形态的铁之间是可以相互转化的,胶体态铁比颗粒态铁活跃,是溶解态铁的一个储备库;亚铁与黄藻门细胞数存在显著正相关(r=0.858P=0.0004,N=20),其他形态的铁都与叶绿素a存在显著正相关(r=0.630,P=0.003,N=20);亚铁是浮游藻类和水生植物可以直接吸收利用的形态。围隔系统内浮游藻类的变化还不足以显著地改变铁的浓度,试验围隔内铁浓度的变化主要是因为水生植物的大量消耗。