FlorTree: A unifying modelling framework for estimating the species-specific pollution removal by individual trees and shrubs

Atmospheric pollution is a threatening problem around the world, with tropospheric ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and particulate matter (PM₁₀) among the most harmful pollutants for citizens’ health. Nature-based solutions such as urban trees can cut down air concentrations of these pollutants thanks to stomatal uptake and dry deposition on their canopies and, in addition, uptake carbon dioxide (CO₂) and store carbon in their tissues. Unfortunately, some species emit biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (bVOCs) that are O₃-precursors leading to air quality deterioration. As a proper selection of species is essential for urban greening, we developed an innovative single-tree model (FlorTree) to estimate the maximum flux of air pollutants. FlorTree considered species-specific parameters, such as tree morphology (height and crown leaf area), leaf/shoot structure, leaf habit (deciduous/evergreen) and eco-physiological responses to environmental factors, for 221 urban tree and shrub species. We applied the FlorTree model to examine i) which are the best species for air pollution removal in the case study of Florence (Italy) and ii) whether the species-specific removal performance is affected by different climate and air pollution conditions in other cities, namely Bucharest (Romania) and Tokyo (Japan). Results suggested that 24 tall trees (mainly broadleaves belonging to Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus genus) may be recommended for Florence due to their large crowns at maturity (50 years old), relatively high stomatal conductance and no bVOCs release. These general characteristics, however, were affected by climatic and pollutant conditions, suggesting that FlorTree must be applied to the local conditions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that FlorTree can be applied in any city for maximizing the air quality improvement by urban trees.     

Urbanization increases the range,but not the depth,of forest edge influences on Pinus sylvestris bark pH

The influence of forest edge on Pinus sylvestris bark pH was evaluated in urban and suburban pine forests in Yekaterinburg (South Taiga subzone, Central Urals, Russia). The measurements was conducted in 18 transects (rows of 6–10 sample plots arranged in pairs along a 100–260 m line perpendicular to the forest boundary); 12 transects (110 plots) were located in the urban forest and 6 transects (58 plots) in the suburban forest. All the characteristics studied (degree of urbanization, distance from forest boundary, and type and age of boundary), were found to have a significant effect on the pH of P. sylvestris bark. Bark alkalinization increased on average by 0.2 to 0.5 pH units above background along a gradient from the forest interior to the forest edge. In urban forests, the edge influence was about twice greater (0.6–0.8 pH units) than in suburban forests (0.2–0.3 pH units), while the depth ranged between 70 and 160 m. Little variation in the depth of the edge influence observed due to transect characteristics, and no differences were noted due to degree of urbanization. The range of the edge influence was cumulative over the time that had elapsed since forest fragmentation and highway construction. The results show that urban airborne dust pollution affects southern taiga pine forests to a depth of about 100 to 150 meters from forest boundary. This circumstance is important to take into account when planning the locations of the borders of forests, roads, residential and social areas.     

HEC固化剂对日光温室戈壁土墙体固化性能试验

【目的】测试新疆三种典型日光温室戈壁土墙体土样进行固化性能,分析戈壁土固化前后的力学性能和硫酸盐侵蚀后的强度的变化规律,为新疆非耕地墙体固化方案提供理论依据。【方法】依据《土工试验方法标准》GB 50123-1999、《土力学实验》和《土工试验规程》SL 237-1999的测试要求^[1-3],采用颗粒分析试验、击实试验测定土体的颗粒级配、类别和击实性能,研究戈壁土固化前的物理性能,测定固化土的抗压强度、硫酸盐侵蚀后的强度。【结果】(1)三种戈壁土土样均为圆砾,根据特征粒径得出土样的不均匀系数Cu和曲率系数Cc表明2号土样的级配最好,其次为3号土样,1号土样的级配最差。(2)掺入15%的土壤固化料,与原状土相比,1号土样的最大干密度ρ_d和最优含水率w_op增加最为显著,分别为0.046%、0.017%。(3)戈壁土随固化剂掺量的增加,胶凝材料越多,固化土越密实,抗压强度越大。(4)90 d侵蚀试验中,固化土随侵蚀周期的增长,抗压强度越大。【结论】HEC固化剂对新疆常用的日光温室墙体建材具有显著的固化效果,其抗压强度和抗硫酸盐效果满足土墙温室墙体建造要求,固化后的墙体坚固耐腐蚀,降低了温室的维护成本,有效延长了温室的使用寿命。     

气候因子对新疆雪岭云杉树轮最大晚材密度的影响

Isl＞2.5,1953～2008年)或连续2～3年干旱指数绝对值接近1.5σ时,水分条件将会对MXD产生影响.这一气候响应特征与研究区半干旱气候有关,在干早年份,水分匮缺会限制晚材细胞壁的加厚,从而影响MXD.因此,与相对湿润地区相比,半干旱地区树轮MXD对气温响应的同时也会受到极端降水状况的影响,作为气温代用指标需谨慎而有限度的使用.     

高CO2浓度和剪叶疏花对水稻‘Y两优2号’ 产量形成的影响

利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2 Enrichment)平台,以创造世界高产纪录的超级稻组合‘Y两优2号’为试验材料,CO_2处理设环境CO_2浓度[(382.5±2.0)μmol·mol-1]和高CO_2浓度(增200μmol·mol-1)两个水平,齐穗期源库改变设对照、剪除剑叶(剪1叶)、剪除所有功能叶(剪3叶)以及相间剪除一次枝梗(疏花),研究开放条件下高CO_2浓度对不同源库处理水稻产量及其构成因子的影响。结果表明,对没有进行剪叶疏花处理的水稻(即对照)而言,高CO_2浓度使‘Y两优2号’籽粒产量平均增加12%,这主要与每穗颖花数和结实能力均略有增加有关。高CO_2浓度使剪1叶、剪3叶处理水稻的产量分别增加26%和57%,这主要与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重均大幅增加有关。对齐穗期疏花处理水稻而言,高CO_2浓度导致的产量增幅与对照水稻接近。与对照相比,齐穗期剪1叶、剪3叶处理使水稻籽粒产量分别降低17%和52%,均达极显著水平,这主要与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重均显著下降有关;尽管齐穗期疏花处理使水稻结实能力显著增加,但因每穗颖花数减半,产量大幅下降(-29%)。籽粒最终产量对高CO_2浓度的响应与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重的响应呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,水稻齐穗期人为改变源库比例(特别是剪叶)可以改变籽粒结实能力和最终产量对高CO_2浓度的响应。     

湖南烟区烤烟散叶烟箱烘烤过程中的生理生化研究

为了解散叶烟箱烘烤的效果,降低烟叶烘烤成本,对比分析了烟夹和散叶烟箱2种装烟方式烘烤过程中烟叶水分含量、色素含量、酶活性的变化以及烤后烟叶质量。结果表明:散叶烟箱烘烤过程中烟叶的失水速率低于烟夹烘烤,而叶绿素降解则快于烟夹烘烤;2种装烟方式烘烤过程中烟叶类胡萝卜素含量呈现先增后减再增的趋势,但散叶烟箱烘烤的降解幅度小于烟夹烘烤;散叶烟箱烘烤烟叶PPO活性在42℃结束高于烟夹烘烤,其余温度点均低于烟夹烘烤,而淀粉酶、SOD与POD活性48℃结束之后高于烟夹烘烤;散叶烟箱烘烤烤后烟叶组织致密,油分略显不足,色度较弱。在烟叶烘烤过程中需依据烟叶酶活性变化来调整布局方式,以提高散叶烟箱烘烤质量。     

德州市区空气质量与气象条件的关系

选取德州市区2008年7月~2014年6月逐日的空气质量监测数据和同期的逐日气象观测资料,分析近40年来气候变化特征和近6年德州市区空气质量变化特征,研究了气象要素与空气质量指数之间的关系。结果表明,德州市区空气质量与气象因子关系密切,最为密切的主要因子有相对湿度、能见度、雾、霾。通过线性逐步回归分析建立AQI预报模型,得出德州市区影响AQI的气象影响因子在4个季节中均有霾入选,秋季除了霾之外还有平均能见度、大雾,而全年、夏季、冬季除了平均能见度、大雾之外均有轻雾、霾、平均相对湿度。     

基于探空资料的城市化对石家庄市气温变化的影响

[目的]研究城市化对石家庄市气温变化的影响,以及利用探空资料进行城市化影响研究的适用性。[方法]基于1981~2010年的逐月探空资料和地面观测资料,研究城市化对石家庄市气温变化影响的性质和程度。[结果]1981~2010年,石家庄市增温趋势达到0.59℃/10a,探空资料增温趋势为0.40℃/10a;其中冬季增温最为明显;城市热岛效应导致石家庄气温增温幅度为0.19℃/10a;夏秋两季城市热岛对季节的增温作用较大;探空资料分离出的城市热岛增温贡献率为32.22%。[结论]城市化对石家庄市气温增暖贡献较为显著。     

网式散叶密集烘烤下部烟叶失水规律与烘烤效应关系研究

为明确网式散叶密集烘烤过程中不同装烟层烟叶的失水规律及其与烟叶烘烤效应的关系,采用称重器对气流上升式密集烤房网式烟框装烟下部叶烘烤过程中失水量进行了实时测定,并考查烘烤过程中烟叶外观性状变化及烤后烟叶质量性状。结果表明:(1)烘烤过程中上、中、下三层烟叶失水率均呈Logistic曲线变化规律,在干筋期以前烟叶失水率下层明显大于中层,中层明显大于上层;(2)不同层次烟叶失水速率均呈"先上升后下降"的"∧"型变化趋势,全炕烟叶的平均失水率与中层烟叶接近;(3)各层烟叶失水变化规律及烟叶外观性状变化与烘烤过程中温湿度变化、烘烤时间的关系密切,对烟叶外观质量和内在质量都有影响。     

不同灌溉方式对巨型塑料大棚环境因子的影响

为探讨灌溉方式对巨型塑料大棚环境因子的影响,采用膜下滴灌、膜下沟灌、裸露沟灌3种处理,研究了不同灌溉方式对棚内空气相对湿度、结露时间、土壤水分、棚内气温以及地温的综合效应。测试结果表明：与裸露沟灌相比,膜下沟灌、膜下滴灌均可降低棚内的相对湿度,其中膜下滴灌的降湿效果优于膜下沟灌;不同时刻、不同天气下的降湿效果不同,表现为白天的降湿效果优于夜晚,晴天的降湿效果好于阴天;膜下滴灌与膜下沟灌可以降低棚内的结露时间,提升棚内的气温与10cm地温,增加土壤含水量。