畜禽粪便污染及加快资源化利用探讨

本文分析了畜禽粪便的污染现状及危害、利用状况,分析了畜禽粪便污染整治及资源化利用中存在的问题,提出了加快畜禽粪便资源化利用的措施。     

论农业药械发展中降低污染的途径

本文综述了中国农业药械发展现况,药械施用中的污染问题;探讨了药械发展中降低污染的途径。如“控制”与“消灭”的选择,综合防治与法规防治的推行,新型药械的创制,物理防治和生物防治器械的研制以及新型制剂及其施布机械的应用。     

机械式空气整根钵苗移栽器的研究

空气整根钵苗全自动移栽机的核心部件是移栽器。采用机械方式完成全自动移栽机的送秧和投苗，简化了现有全自动钵苗移栽机的电动或气动送秧和投苗装置，降低了成本。移栽器的性能试验表明，所研制的移栽器性能良好，适应国内市场需要。     

松软土壤上步行轮式气垫车功率优化的研究

通过对步行轮式气垫车在松软土壤上运行状态的分析，首次提出了该种车辆最佳飞高的定义，得到了随土壤条件变化时功率消耗模型，并求出了功率消耗的最优点。为步行轮式气垫车在松软土壤上的功率自适应控制打下一定基础。     

巷道式孵化的工艺技术探讨

巷道式孵化以其独特的气流方式区别于厢式孵化。巷道式孵化器的气流把含氧量最多的新鲜空气带给老的胚胎，把各阶段老胚胎释放的热量又供给需热的各阶段胚胎的发育，并始终保持着理想的设计温度。因而，所需功率相对较小，且孵化容量大，可以节约大量的能源，具有良好的经济性。讨论了进行巷道式孵化的孵化厅布局及孵化操作技术。中国农业大学正大肉鸡发展中心采用巷道式孵化器对７批艾维茵父母代种鸡的３２０万枚种蛋进行孵化，获得了优异的孵化成绩，受精蛋孵化率平均为９４．７５％，入孵蛋孵化率平均为８５．６７％，健雏率平均为９８．２８％。     

上海地区不同施肥方式氮磷随地表径流流失研究

选择上海宝山罗店镇具有代表性的旱地蔬菜农田生态系统,在从2004年3月到8月的近半年时间里,通过对径流及径流中侵蚀泥沙的氮磷流失情况的连续监测与实验分析,研究了旱地农田施肥与氮磷流失污染之间的关系,探讨了农田氮磷的迁移特征及环境效应,主要结果表明:随地表径流流失的总氮、总磷,流失形态以沉积相为主,大部分是当季施用的化肥,随径流排出农田的氮素中有37.7%是当季施用的氮素化肥,磷素中有26.9%是当季施用的磷素化肥。     

抗生素/抗性细菌/抗性基因在土壤-植物系统中迁移转化及阻控消减的研究进展

抗生素在土壤环境中的迁移转化过程及生态毒理效应已成为各国土壤学、植物学、环境科学和食品科学等领域学者及政府关注的热点。阐明抗生素及其复合抗性污染物在土壤-植物系统中的环境行为及生态毒理学机理,对管控生态环境风险及保障食品安全具有重要的意义。本文综述了近年来国内外关于土壤-植物系统中抗生素的迁移转化规律,抗生素/抗性细菌/抗性基因的生态风险以及复合抗性污染物阻控消减技术的研究进展。本综述可以为土壤-植物系统中抗生素抗性污染风险的管控和消减提供科学支撑。     

Assessing air-drying and rewetting pre-treatment effect on some soil enzyme activities under Mediterranean conditions

Soil enzyme activities are useful indicators of soil quality as they are very sensitive to disturbance. Sample storage or pre-treatments could affect the results in these assays, which are normally determined in fresh samples, kept cold or frozen. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of air-drying or air-drying and rewetting on β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and urease activities in soils from different locations, degradation status and sampling seasons, and (ii) assess if air-drying or air-drying and rewetting is an accurate sample storage and pre-treatment procedure for enzyme activities in soil quality evaluations under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Our results showed that urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities were hardly affected by air-drying of degraded and non-degraded soils from the two locations studied in all seasons. Short incubations (4, 8 and 12 d at 23 °C) of rewetted air-dried soil at 55% of water-holding capacity showed different patterns depending on the enzyme studied. Urease and β-glucosidase activities were relatively stable during incubation, with several significant (P<0.05) shifts up and down in some soils and samplings. However, acid phosphatase showed an increase in activity with incubation, of between 5% and 50% relative to air-dried samples. These increases followed no pattern and were unrelated to soil characteristics or sampling date. Hence, urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities determined in air-dried soil samples seem to be representative of those obtained under field-moist conditions. In contrast, short incubations of rewetted soil samples can produce fluctuations in these enzyme activities, mainly of acid phosphatase, and estimations in these conditions are not so representative of field-moist soil values.     

Effect of acid rain on sandstone: The Royal Palace and the Riddarholm church,Stockholm

The deterioration of two kinds of sandstone is discussed for two 18:th century buildings in central Stockholm: the Royal Palace, and the Royal Carolean Burial Chapel (Karolinska gravkoret) annexed to the mediaeval Riddarholm church. The facades of calcitic Gotland sandstone show many signs of serious decay, such as gypsum formation, pulverized surface, exfoliation, discolouration, and salt efflorescence. The socles are built of the more resistant quartzitic Roslagen sandstone, displaying some discolouration, cracks, and slight exfoliation. In total about 300 samples have been analysed. The surface concentration of sulphur is highest at ground level and at rain-sheltered positions. Chemical and sulphur isotope data indicate that the stone decay to a large part may be attributed to anthropogenic sources like acid deposition and car traffic.     

土壤污染及其环境效应

作为环境和生态系统重要的组成部分,土壤极易遭受污染。在列举土壤主要污染模式和主要土壤污染物类型的基础上,本文对主要污染物的分类、特性以及在土壤中的行为进行了较为系统和全面的论述。指出对上述内容的深入研究,对土壤污染的控制与治理具有重要理论与实践意义。最后,本文提出了防治土壤污染的具体措施。